tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8617005088739120752024-03-14T01:31:34.736-07:00Process analysis topicsSavannah Jameshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06633496927132467940noreply@blogger.comBlogger223125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-861700508873912075.post-19998872512488529442020-08-27T21:14:00.001-07:002020-08-27T21:14:06.668-07:00The Old Man and the Sea free essay sampleThis paper breaks down the characters, plot and similitudes in the Hemingway tale. This paper breaks down the Hemingway books imagery and similitudes as they identify with a fisherman?s difficulties in beating misfortunes in one?s own life. Huge numbers of the items, individuals, and spots referenced in The Old Man and the Sea contain another importance. Santiagos sail, for example, was fixed with flour sacks and, folded, it resembled the banner of perpetual thrashing? (p.9). A large number of the other anglers viewed Santiago and his sail as a token of disappointment. Santiago was wrinkled and has worked nearly to the point of destroying, similar to the old sail. He didn't get a fish in eighty-five days, too, which appeared as though he is crushed and his angling days are finished. In any case, the sail worked in spite of its appearance, maybe correspondingly to Santiago himself. Neither the man nor the sail surrendered or gave any indication of yielding, paying little mind to their drained state. Santiago is patient, and trusts that the fish will come get drained, and come up all alone. Santiago understands this may keep going quite a while, so he put the line over his shoulders for a superior hold. This was not an agreeable situation for Santiago, however he metal with It. Santiago Is In physical torment, he goes through three days in an awkward position, and his hands get cuts all over them. HIS left hand gets a spasm which appears to decline to leave. The quality of the fish would make the elderly person fall In agonizing and uncomfortable positions: He had been pulled down close on to the bow and his face was in the cut of dolphin and he was unable to move. This physical battle depleted Santiago, and the climate close by with the way that Santiago hadnt come arranged were not making a difference. He was truly depleted out, yet additionally morally.Santiago battle isn't just physical, however moral as well. It could be seen as an individual Journey, as an internal battle. From the manner in which the creator depicts Santiago, we can derive that he is a sure, decided and solid elderly person. As we get further into the story, we understand this is valid, however that Santiago holds all things considered a specific shortcoming to him, and that he needs to battle with himself to remain solid. The accompanying statement is a genuine case of this: I am bad for some more turns. Truly you are, he let himself know. You are acceptable until the end of time. The more fragile side of Santiago needs to surrender; he doesnt have confidence In himself, however then the more grounded, progressively decided Santiago steps in to prop him up. Another case of an inward battle is towards he end of the novel, when Santiago wraps up the sharks. He realizes they have beaten him, yet he says: And what beat you, he thought. Nothing, he said so anyone might hear. l went excessively far. Santiago continually repudiates himself, making his little battles. During this Journey, Santiago encounters distinctive chances, and various conditions of mind.He is brought higher than ever and he is mentally tested, and despite the fact that he is upset, and in torment, we can see his delicate side, through his affection for nature. Through the excursion, we see Santiago closeness to nature. It permits us to perceive the amount he truly cherishes the animals, and the amount he regards them. We see this all the more absolutely through the manner in which he calls the fish his Brother and companion. He even says: Fish, I love you and regard you without a doubt. Moreover, his tenderness comes out when he converses with the shopping center fowl: How old are you?Is this your first outing? he needs it to be sheltered, and Santiago love just as regard for nature from the manner in which he discusses other component in nature, for example, the ocean, or the breeze: He generally thought of her as la deface which is the thing that individuals call her in Spanish when they love her. He thinks about it to a lady, and depicts it utilizing modifiers, for example, kind and lovely. Later on in the novel, he discusses the breeze, saying: The breeze is our companion. As before referenced, Santiago cherishes and regards nature. His closeness to nature is one that numerous couple of us have. He utilizes it for the joy, yet for endurance. He depends on it to help him in all that he does. In synopsis, the Journey is significant in this novel as it is because of it that we see Santiago advance as a character. We see him in each state: sure, delicate, solid, frail, decided and vanquished. As a result, this Journey permits the plot to be all the more energizing to the character, simultaneously demonstrating the significance of nature to Santiago, yet in addition to the novel itself. Savannah Jameshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06633496927132467940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-861700508873912075.post-52048237348296267022020-08-22T13:14:00.001-07:002020-08-22T13:14:12.648-07:00Essay Examples - Graduate SchoolEssay Examples - Graduate SchoolIf you are looking for different writing samples for your application essay or grad school application, then you need to know about some essay samples. Essay samples can make or break a student's academic success, and if you want to get a good grade, then you need to be able to write a good essay. It is very difficult to get a C in an essay course, but it can happen.You will probably find that the more detailed and varied the essay samples, the better. Just as you would have to use a different approach to write a different type of essay, so should you have to change the topic of the essay when you're trying to go into grad school. There are many different types of essays out there, and you can find a great number of sample essays online and in your local library.Keep in mind that even though you are looking for essay samples, they are not all written by the same people. Some are from college students who are writing for extra credit, and some are from graduates who are applying for jobs or get their transcripts or other documents prepared. It really depends on how serious you are about the essay you are writing, and how much you want to make an impression on the admissions officer.You can start with some basic essay examples from the library, in your college bookstore, or in your high school book. These examples can help you practice your own skills before you take the test. These are also good examples because they may have something in common with your own style and learning process. For example, you might find that the teacher that taught you elementary writing in high school has some similarities with the high school teacher who taught you composition, as well as common sense, grammar, and other writing techniques.Take your time while doing your homework, because you will need to do some research to find the best sample essays for your situation. Sometimes, all it takes is one day of the search to find a good essay. For examp le, if you want to do some fast research, you can look for essay samples that come from magazines, short stories, novels, or short essays. You will find that there are a lot of things to take into consideration, especially when you are applying for a job, in which case you will probably be submitting your work through an online form.The next thing you will need to keep in mind when you are looking for essay samples is the style. Each writing style is different from one person to the next. This means that you will have to look at a large variety of essay samples before you find one that is perfect for you. Remember that any college or university will have different standards for grading essays, so you will have to be very careful about what you submit.Also, remember that any essay that comes from a research paper, thesis, or other such document has been carefully considered and rewritten by the writer. This means that you will have to write in a style that will make the essay his or her own. Remember that you have probably done research for this essay, so you should take some time to figure out what kind of essay this will be. If you have done some work on this material before, this should not be hard for you.Keep in mind that the best way to find essay samples is to read a lot of them, and ask for feedback. An admissions officer will want to see some sample essays as well, and you will want to be sure that you make the most of your chances for admission. This is the only way you will know how to make an effective impact on an admissions officer when you apply for grad school. Savannah Jameshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06633496927132467940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-861700508873912075.post-85782493647779719092020-08-21T10:56:00.001-07:002020-08-21T10:56:18.653-07:00Argus Essay Example For StudentsArgus Essay Argus (or Argos) was a beast in Greek folklore. He was well known in legend for having numerous eyes. With his numerous arrangements of eyes, he could see almost everything in his region. Furthermore, for sure, with his sharp vision, Argus was viewed as a practically flawless fanciful gatekeeper animal. Why just practically great? Peruse on to see the response to this inquiry, and to become familiar with the tale of Argus. There are a few legends wherein Argus has an influence. Two of these stories include animals that threatened the zone in and around Arcadia (unexpectedly, Arcadia is situated in the Peloponnese, a landmass in Greece). Argus set about freeing Arcadia of its irksome nuisances. His first undertaking was to stifle a wild bull that was pulverizing the Arcadian open country. At that point, Argus wiped out a malignant dairy cattle taking satyr. The other significant legend wherein Argus shows up highlights some well known characters from fantasy, including Hermes, Zeus, Hera, and Io. As per the story, Hera, the Queen of the Olympian divine beings and goddesses, told Argus to look out for Io. Io was a lady with whom Zeus the leader of the Olympians had directed an enthusiastic love illicit relationship. Be that as it may, so as to shield his special lady from the rage of his significant other, Zeus had changed Io into a yearling. So Hera, who was very cunning, had Argus monitor her adversary, the calf Io. Zeus was not satisfied. He sent the god Hermes to dispatch the beast. Hermes figured out how to stifle Argus, and here the subtleties contrast contingent upon the wellspring of the legend. A few sources propose that Hermes quieted Argus to rest, while others express that Hermes executed the beast. So at long last, the almost impeccable gatekeeper animal was crushed by the mind and sly of Hermes. Hera paid tribute to Argus by putting his eyes into the tail of the peacock, her preferred feathered creature. Along these lines, Argus was deified, his eyes embellishing the plumes of Heras peacock. Savannah Jameshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06633496927132467940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-861700508873912075.post-56003510145182177822020-05-26T05:46:00.001-07:002020-05-26T05:46:03.653-07:00Analysis Of Oedipus The King Is The Concept Of Predestination 1. One element that I have learned from the Greek Drama Oedipus the King is the concept of predestination. Throughout the play, this idea that a personââ¬â¢s destiny is already predetermined for them was clearly emphasized. Even when Oedipus tried to run away from his destiny, by the end of the play he fulfilled the foretold prophecy. This way of thinking made me draw a conclusion about how the culture of the Greeks were. Based off the play, I drew the conclusion that the Greeks highly revered their gods because they deeply believed that their life rest within the hands of their gods. Most of the people of Greece must have tried to live a holy and acceptable life to please their gods while others lived per their liking. Another element that I learned was from the Russian piece The Cherry Orchard. An aspect of Russian culture was noticeable while reading. Finding humor within the thought of a suicide was very foreign yet was still an interesting piece of culture. From this aspect, one could say that most Russians must not fear death as much as other countries. Nonetheless it is still an interesting part of their culture. 2. In the anecdote of Noah and the flood, the roles that Noah plays are that of a leader and as a savior indirectly. While he was constructing his ark, he constantly told the Israelites of the impending flood or wrath of God yet the people continued to mock him and ridicule his wisdom. Noah may not have been a savior to the Israelites but he can be depicted as aShow MoreRelatedOedipus The King As A Tragic Hero Essay1491 Words à |à 6 PagesConsidered one of the greatest dramas of all time, Sophoclesââ¬â¢ play Oedipus the King follows the tragic life of Oedipus, king of Thebes. Considered a Satyr play, the Oedipus trilogy is perhaps the most famous of Sophoclesââ¬â¢ plays. Oedipus the King, is an Athenian tragedy that was first performed somewhere around 429 BC in Athens, Greece. Originally, the Greeks referred to the play as simply ââ¬Å"Oedipus,â⬠as that was what Aristotle referred to it as in the Poetics. Perhaps what makes this play so memorableRead MoreThe Role of Irony and Fate in Oedipus The King by Sophocles2933 Words à |à 12 PagesPlague and Health Another major theme in Oedipus the King deals with the ideas of plague and health. This theme can be taken as both literal, but metaphorical as well. This theme is literal in the sense that there is a genuine plague affecting Thebes. The health in Thebes only occurs at the end of the play when the plague has disappeared and after Oedipus blinds himself. While others may have let the plague take its course, Oedipus decided to consult the oracle in Delphi, after seeing his peopleRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words à |à 1617 PagesLine 58 Understanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 Attitudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-Evaluation 79 SKILL ANALYSIS 84 Cases Involving Self-Awareness 84 Communist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial Characteristics Savannah Jameshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06633496927132467940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-861700508873912075.post-43526308813981467482020-05-15T12:21:00.001-07:002020-05-15T12:21:06.485-07:00Mozart s Requiem At The Seattle Symphony - 851 Words Every time I hear about famous composers, like Bach or Mozart, the names themselves put me to sleep quicker than any anesthesia ever could. So, it was no surprise that I absolutely dreaded the idea of seeing a piece written by any of these composers. I attended Mozartââ¬â¢s requiem at the Seattle symphony, I grunted at the idea of paying $38 for something I wasnââ¬â¢t even interested in. How dare they charge an absurd amount for something that was written before time itself? I took my seat and looked out at the sea of older retired couples and couldnââ¬â¢t believe this would be my fate someday. Ludovic Morlot was conducting for the evening, I have never heard the name in my life and only learned of it from the magazine I was handed before taking my seat. Morlot is French born musician, and currently the music director for the Seattle symphony. Morlot started off playing the violin, but in 1994, attended the Royal Academy of Music to become a conductor. He first started playing for the Seattle Symphony in 2009, and would later go on to sign a six year contract with the Seattle symphony. As the lights dimmed, the musicians took their places and began playing. At the same time I sank into my seat and put my phone on the dim setting and began my quest to find something interesting on Facebook. The first piece consisted of only string instruments, and only about twenty musicians playing. The tone of the music started off slow and gentle. As they kept playing, I quickly found it harder and Savannah Jameshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06633496927132467940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-861700508873912075.post-49041101932518971792020-05-06T16:35:00.001-07:002020-05-06T16:35:27.607-07:00How Is The Handmaids Tale As A Dystopian Society There are aspects that are shared with each human, which that can be taken for granted; these features are: the freedom to think for one s self, as well as the ability to read and write; the capacity to have control over one s body, with or without influence from loved ones, or figures of authority, who use worker s bodies as if they were clay, in order to manipulate them for their own personal again; and finally, the ability to have the right for privacy and time alone. In order to grow as a person, as well as the ability to be multi-faceted; these basic necessities, ought to be granted for every human being. Year, after year, through the hands of authority, these features are ridden away; for children, women, workers and immigrants,â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Offred, asserted the role of a heroine, through the power of language and self contemplation. Although, in the dystopian regime that she lived in had virtually cut off all free-will for women; Offred, eventually learned tha t there was an underground effort to restore the lives of women in her society. This was a novel about the shape and struggle for progress, which is always a constant crucible, and always will be, no matter what the circumstances are. Offred, begun to form new power relations with figures of the authority. Her relationships slowly gained a influence over a few men in her society; in consideration, this was an effort of progress, and a heroic effort; even though, there was very little personal control in her own life. (Weiss, 2009. P.121). The main power relationships were between the Commanders, over the Handmaids; men over women, as well as power structures that were installed between all the women in the state of Gilead; due to their class statuses, this effectively constructed a multilayered, bureaucratic, theocracy that entrapped the citizens that lived inside of it. The women in the society were meant to hate each other, in order to be more effective, as well eliminate social m ovements; there was no sense of individuality that was inscribed in between the women, they were homogenous and treated as if they were a commodity: ââ¬Å" My name isn t Offred, I have another name, which nobody uses now because itââ¬â¢s forbidden. IShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Dystopia in Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale1098 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Dystopia in Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale Offred is a Handmaid in what used to be the United States, now the theocratic Republic of Gilead. In order to create Gileads idea of a more perfect society, they have reverted to taking the Book of Genesis at its word. Women no longer have any privileges; they cannot work, have their own bank accounts, or own anything. The also are not allowed to read or even chose who they want to marry. Women are taught that they should be subservientRead MoreThe Handmaids Tale Essay1591 Words à |à 7 PagesUpon reading The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale by Margaret Atwood, one notices the tragedy of women losing rights. Imagine the feelings of losing all rights and freedoms; how hard the transition would be from an American society, centered on freedoms, to the society where Offred lives in The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale. Thankfully for all Americans, Atwoodââ¬â¢s prediction of what society would become in the future was inaccurate. But, not all countries enjoy the same freedoms and luxuries as America d oes; the treatment of womenRead MoreHandmaids Tale-Dystopian Literarture1579 Words à |à 7 PagesThe Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale-Dystopian Literary Tradition Dystopia is defined as being a society characterized by human misery, as squalor, oppression, disease, and overcrowding. Dystopian is also considered to be about futuristic societies that have degraded into repressed and controlled states. Dystopian literature uses cautionary tones warning us that if we continue to live the way we do, this can be the consequence. A Dystopia is contrary of a utopia (a world where everything is perfect) and often characterizedRead MoreHandmaids1019 Words à |à 5 Pagesaround its content, but also its language and construction. This notion articulates profoundly within Margaret Atwoodââ¬â¢s novel A Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale as it is, after all, the authorââ¬â¢s manipulation of the language and construction which enacts as vehicles towards the readerââ¬â¢s understanding of the content. A Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale is a confrontational post-modern work of feminist dystopian fiction; it depicts a protagonistââ¬â¢s struggle to adapt to a totalitarian and theocratic state where language has become corruptedRead MoreThe Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood1709 Words à |à 7 PagesOne of Atwoodââ¬â¢s bestselling novel is The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale, a disturbing dystopian fiction novel. The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale is a complex tale of a womanââ¬â¢s life living in a society that endorses sexual slavery and inequality through oppression and fear. The female characters in Margaret Atwoodââ¬â¢s novel demonstrates how these issues affects womenââ¬â¢s lives. Offred is the individual with whom we sympathize and experience these issues. In The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale, Margaret Atwood addresses her perception of the ongoingRead MoreThe Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood1733 Words à |à 7 Pages The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale Analysis The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale is a dystopian novel written by Margaret Atwood in 1985. Dystopian novels often feature societal norms taken to dangerous extremes. Atwoodââ¬â¢s The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale contains each and every feature of a typical dystopian novel, though she prefers to refer to it as social science-fiction. Ideological and social conditions taken to extremes enforced by authoritarian regimes, social trends isolated or exaggerated, and stability being secured through impossibleRead More`` The Handmaid s Tale `` By Margaret Atwood And Gary Ross1542 Words à |à 7 Pages1986 Novel ââ¬ËThe Handmaidââ¬â¢s Taleââ¬â¢ written by Margaret Atwood and Gary Rossââ¬â¢ 2012 film ââ¬ËThe Hunger Gamesââ¬â¢ are dystopian texts that reflect the genre of dystopian literature and the context in which they were composed. The conventional themes through which they do this are uniformity, technology and removal from present time as well as how these concepts are manipul ated to create new meanings. In Atwoodââ¬â¢s 1986 novel ââ¬ËThe Handmaidââ¬â¢s Taleââ¬â¢ the theme of uniformity, conventional to dystopian literature arisesRead MoreTo What Extent Can ââ¬Å"the Handmaidââ¬â¢s Taleâ⬠and ââ¬Å"the Scarlet Letterâ⬠Be Described as Works of Dystopian Fiction?2086 Words à |à 9 PagesTo What Extent Can ââ¬Å"The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Taleâ⬠and ââ¬Å"The Scarlet Letterâ⬠be Described as Works of Dystopian Fiction? The definition of Dystopia is an imaginary place where the inhabitants are exploited and control is maintained through oppression. Both ââ¬Å"The Scarlet Letterâ⬠and ââ¬Å"The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Taleâ⬠reflect characteristics of a dystopian novel. A dystopian novel is usually fictional and futuristic to the time in which it was written. The characters are made to worship a concept or figure as a way of controlRead MoreThe Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood1516 Words à |à 7 PagesThe Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale, by Margaret Atwood, explores the idea of physical and mental oppression through hierarchy, patriarchy, manipulation of history, surveillance and finally, community identity; hence the main characterââ¬â¢s name ââ¬Å"Offredâ⬠or ââ¬ËOf-Fredââ¬â¢ if you will. 1984, by George Orwell, covers this by including configuration of language; the characters have a new language called ââ¬Å"Newspeakâ⬠and are also constantly watched by the government and the ââ¬Å"Thought Police.â⬠The hierarchy in The Handmaidââ¬â¢s TaleRead MoreThe Handmaid s Tale And Gattaca1106 Words à |à 5 PagesA dystopian text is a manifestation of society s deepest fears. How is this explored in The Handmaid s Tale and Gattaca? A comparison of dystopian texts explores contemporary issues of society and integrates them into an alien world. The Handmaid s Tale by Margaret Atwood illustrates the nature of society as far from ideal, and the destructive nature of oppression. Similarly, Gattaca by Andrew Niccol epitomises the characteristics of a dystopian text, by highlighting the subversion of natural Savannah Jameshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06633496927132467940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-861700508873912075.post-2358355996814524172020-05-05T19:37:00.001-07:002020-05-05T19:37:04.693-07:00Short History of Bebop free essay sample It hasnt influenced many genres out with Jazz (West Coast Jazz, Modal Jazz and Cool Jazz all being seen as developed from he styles and unpredictability of their predecessor) but has arguably touched one genre, Rock, in the form of powerful and complicated solos. The common Jazz progression of II V- I Isnt a well-used feature of Bebop and Instead chord progressions from Swing songs are often taken directly and sped up and given more Intrinsic and complicated chords that still employ the same trial, meaning TTS are being replaced with flattened TTS, sharpened TTS and sharpened 1 lath.This quite often leads to sounding quite complex as opposed to the tutee smooth and cool sounding effects of swing chord progressions but still keeping the effect of the 5th driving back to the 1st. The idea of a riff was well and truly alive in Bebop despite most of the songs being improvised. We will write a custom essay sample on Short History of Bebop or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Generally the rhythm section would keep underlying harmonies going while long improvisations strung together a theme which reared its head, usually, at the beginning and end of the piece. This phrase was occasionally repeated more often and therefore could be termed a riff. Beyond Scat singing, there are no discernible or extinguishable lyrics in Bebop pieces and as for rhythm, there was no particular formula for how Scat singing should be used or placed within the piece. Dizzy Gillespie (Trumpet) was one of the pioneers of Bebop and a major influence to jazz musicians years after his time. He was most well-known for songs such as Salt Peanuts and his work generally contains a lot of soloing and use of themes. Charlie Parker (Tenor and Alto Sax), like Dizzy Gillespie, was a pioneer of Bebop and a major influence within the genre.Parker was well known for ploys on his nickname, Hardboard, but in a musical sense was known for his innovative uses of rhythm, harmonies and melody. Chest Baker (Trumpet), though a musician connected with bebop much later than Gillespie or Parker, was one who, along with Gerry Mulligan (Baritone Sax) managed to put his own spin on Bebop. The pair would employ an almost Question and Answer like melody and counter melody which wa s quite different to the repeated lines of melody which were evident In Parker and Gillespie pieces. Milt Jackson (Vibes) was a musician discovered by none other Han Dizzy Gillespie and went on to become an Icon In not only Bebop but several other Jazz Idioms. His improvisations were renowned for the use of Blue notes. The standard Bop band consisted of a rhythm section, Plano and often a variation of brass Instruments (but could employ Instruments not normally associated with Jazz such as accordions and the clarinet) and while not normally as large asBldg Band or Dixieland the numbers could swell to a salary size on occasion. Generally the melody would be played on a brass Instrument but soloing was not exclusive to hat section.BY JWi1127 interchanged phrases within the music. It hasnt influenced many genres out with Jazz progression of II V- I isnt a well-used feature of Bebop and instead chord intrinsic and complicated chords that still employ the same triad, meaning TTS are quite smooth and cool sounding effects of Swing chord progressions but still keeping married, but in a mu sical sense was known for his innovative uses of rhythm, was quite different to the repeated lines of melody which were evident in Parker and Han Dizzy Gillespie and went on to become an icon in not only Bebop but several other Jazz idioms. Savannah Jameshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06633496927132467940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-861700508873912075.post-40245133315408594902020-04-13T15:37:00.001-07:002020-04-13T15:37:02.482-07:00Twelve Oclock High Case Study Fiedlers Contingency Theory Essays Twelve Oclock High Case Study Fiedlers Contingency Theory Jonathon McNeil Organizational Psychology 4/27/2014 12 OCLOCK HIGH: A LEADERSHIP STUDY 1.By applying The Fiedlers Contingency Theory of Leadership, it appears Colonel Davenport showed high levels of LPC, while General Savage displayed low levels of LPC. According to the model strong leaders in wartime are ones that exhibit low levels of LPC. Colonel Davenport had weak skills as far as leading a military crew because of his relationships with his subordinates. He felt they were more than just numbers. His concern was more focused on the group than the task. General Savage changed the mission by restructuring the mission at hand. 2.At the beginning of the movie the mission was failing. The soldiers had weak morale and if something did change immediately the mission was destined to be a failure. Colonel Davenport was trying his best to direct the bomber crew but he was too concerned for his group emotionally that he lost sight of the task at hand. While there was structure it was unfocused and misguided by Davenport. Davenport displayed poor positional power and as a result he lost his rank. When General Savage was appointed he was not concerned with the emotions; he was more concerned with the task and task structure. He proved to take positional power and use it to guide the group. 3.Colonel Davenports ultimate failure was forgetting the serious task at hand. He was too busy worrying about the well-being of the group. There was a great need for task focus. Davenport failed his platoon because he was too relationship oriented. As morale was lacking and subordinates wanted to quit, he was willing to allow them to take leave. Because he had high level of LPC, he was not an effective leader. The best recommendation for Davenport would be to not focus on relationships and to pay special attention to the task at hand. He was well liked by his subordinates and had group unity, therefore; he needed to focus on getting the task completed. Because of his misguided focus he was unable to redirect his group to succeed in the mission due to lack of morale and too heavily focused on his relationship with his subordinates. 4.General Savage turned around the group. He completely restructured the way in which task needed to be performed. His stern leadership does not at first make him well liked. He did not want to hear excuses and refused to have his subordinates to transfer. He made the group do practice mission bombings to gain precision. He demoted people when he felt it was necessary. His tight formation improved group performance. Because of his low level of LPC, he turned out to be a more effective leader than Davenport in this situation. Savannah Jameshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06633496927132467940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-861700508873912075.post-29773849767365658202020-03-11T13:36:00.001-07:002020-03-11T13:36:03.084-07:00Andrew Carnegie Essay Essay ExampleAndrew Carnegie Essay Essay Example Andrew Carnegie Essay Paper Andrew Carnegie Essay Paper What would make him a hero? Andrew Carnegie was a man who became a millionaire. He started working at 12 due to his poor family and slowly rose to riches. He grew up In Pittsburgh near family; he then later was the supervisor of Pennsylvania?was Western Division. In 1861 he was asked to help with troop transportation in D. C. He then moved to New York City, NY, and that was where he primarily live till he died. He was born in 1835, sailed to America in 1848, Helped in the war in 1861, wrote a letter to himself in 1868, in 1872 e met Bessemer (He gave Andrew the heads up on steel), 1883 after a success In steel acquired a coal mill, In 1890 he had many steel mills and many other Industries were about to be acquired as well, In 1901 he sold all of his company?à ¦s holdings for (HIS share was He died n 1919 after much philanthropy. A hero changes from person to person, but to most he or she is a good person. To acquire something is to buy or get hold of. Philanthropy is like charity or volunteering. Andrew Carnegie should be considered a hero because he created bobs, accepted the competition In the world, and he donated lots of money to worthy Charles. Andrew Carnegie was a hero because through his years building up the steel business he created many Jobs for unemployed or underemployed people. The background essay is a tertiary source because it has quotes and letters written by Andrew, but It Is written by somebody else. Since It has both It Is tertiary. Wealth twelve months of meeting with Bessemer, construction of a larger steel mill was under way. This shows of how he built a steel mill and so created a large amount f Jobs. Another way Andrew Carnegie was a hero was because he accepted embraced and overcame the thought of competition In the world. In Document B ?à ¦Wealth?0 by Andrew Carnegie Is a primary source because It was from that time period and written by the subject. S to this law (of competition that we owe) material development, ?: while the law maybe sometimes hard for the individual, it is best for the race, because it insures the survival of the fittest in every department, We accept and welcome, therefore, ?: the concentration of business in the hands of the ewe?: . ?D This quote shows how he believed competition helps, how he embraced It, and how he uses It to his advantage. That Is why embracing your Inner competition can help you and why Andrew Carnegie was a hero. Andrew Carnegie was also a hero because he donated over $1. 000,000,000 since he died. In the background essay it states when he came to riches. When the famous banker J. P. Morgan indicated he and his partners were interested in buying the Carnegie Steel Company and all of Its holdings, Carnegie wrote down a price on a scrap AT paper e Ana Ana It gauntlets downtown to Wall street. Morgan gave it a glance and said, l accept this price. The world was most famous businessman was about to become the world was richest ex-businessman. This shows how he came up with the money to provide charity. Because he dedicated his life to giving himself away he became a hero. Because Andrew Carnegie created Jobs, accepted the competition in the world, and he donated lots of money to worthy charities he was a hero. Andrew Carnegie still, after death, donates one hundred thousand dollars a year. Savannah Jameshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06633496927132467940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-861700508873912075.post-51465162787943444442020-02-24T04:03:00.001-08:002020-02-24T04:03:02.101-08:00The Career of Elvis Presley and Other Musicians of His Time EssayThe Career of Elvis Presley and Other Musicians of His Time - Essay Example The career of Elvis is an example of a striking success: he had 18 singles which took the first places in charts, and his contribution is significant to ââ¬Å"â⬠¦several musical genres, most notably rock, country, and gospel. It is also different from the careers of the musicians who will be discussed below in such terms that he devoted much time to participate in the filmmaking industry, and his life was almost twice longer than those of the Holly and Cochran and almost as long as that one of Vincent.à Gene Vincent, one of the biggest rockabilly and rock-n-roll stars, also made a significant contribution to the music in general and to the mentioned music genres in particular, and his career had several differences from the above mentioned Elvisââ¬â¢ one. First, he took part in filmmaking activity not as intensively as Elvis, and second, his popularity to a significant extent depended on the airplay of his tracks by the radio stations. Nevertheless, he was a rather popular musician and deserves being mentioned in one row with Elvis Presley.à Eddie Cochranââ¬â¢s phenomenon is that even though his life lasted for 21 years only, he managed to reach the top of the music Olympus and to leave tracks that are still very popular, such as ââ¬Å"Summertime Bluesâ⬠. In such a narrow period of time he managed to significantly influence the development of rock-n-roll and rockabilly and was positively referred to because of his outstanding guitar playing skills.à Savannah Jameshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06633496927132467940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-861700508873912075.post-20384526308163681762020-02-07T20:48:00.001-08:002020-02-07T20:48:02.330-08:00Buddha Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 wordsBuddha - Research Paper Example Early Life Siddhartha Gautama was the birth name of Buddha. He lived in Nepal in the region commonly known as the Indo-Nepalese area. He was an Indian prince and his father Suddhodana was a king of the Indian clan known as Shakyas. Queen Maya, the mother of Siddhartha died shortly after giving birth to him. When Siddhartha was a child, a spiritual man prophesied unusual things about the Prince. Predicting about the Princeââ¬â¢s future he also said that he would either become a great king or a great religious teacher. His father preferred his son to be the king after him and therefore he trained Siddhartha accordingly (Thomas, 2000). Prince Siddhartha was raised by his father in a luxurious environment after the death of his mother. His father gave him the education about religion and suffering humanity. King Suddhodana wanted to keep his son away from the suffering of the world and therefore he raised him inside a palace made especially for Siddhartha. He was married at the young age of 16 but his life of isolation and spirituality began after 13 years (Asvaghosha, 2006). Beyond the Walls of the Palace When Siddhartha was 20 years old, he still did not have sufficient knowledge about the external world. One day Siddhartha asked one of the charioteers to give him a tour outside the walls of the palace. As soon as Siddhartha entered the world outside the palace he got confronted to the harsh realities of humanity. While exploring the external world, the sight of an aged man shocked him. The charioteer made him aware of the reality that people grow old. This sight of the old man sickened the Prince. Fear of sickness and death starting nurturing in his mind. On his way he also saw an ascetic. The charioteer explained him that ascetics are people who are not scared of death or sickness because they have relinquished the world. Renunciation The sight of the ascetic conquered the mind of Siddhartha. Although he returned to the palace the other day but he no longer found pleasure in his regular tasks. The news of his son birth did not spark any sort of happiness in the Siddhartha. While wandering in the palace alone at night, Siddhartha thought about all the luxuries he possessed, which now seemed grotesque. The musicians and dancers present in the palace were all sleeping. Prince Siddhartha reflected on the consequences that the old age brings along with it obstacles such as weakness and sickness. He was surprised that how this phenomenon changes everything and turns man into dust. Search for Enlightenment Siddhartha appointed teachers, who gave him knowledge of different religious philosophies. They also taught him the method of meditation. After gaining all the knowledge for his teacher, the doubts of the Prince were still unclear. The very next day Siddhartha and five of his companions left the palace to become ascetics, abandoning their wives and children. According to them asceticism was the only way through which they can be relieved fr om the harsh realities of humanity (Buddha Biography, 2013). Siddharthaââ¬â¢s Ascetic Life and Enlightenment Siddhartha led the life of an ascetic for 6 years, practicing and meditating their ways to exploration the subtle state of mind. For all these years he meditated and studied the work of different religious philosophers. He practiced new ways of meditating with his companions. When his companions saw his passion and quest for his faith, they became his disciples. When Siddhartha realized that he is still not Savannah Jameshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06633496927132467940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-861700508873912075.post-84450954244901032382020-01-29T12:44:00.001-08:002020-01-29T12:44:04.017-08:00What is a Metaphysical poem Essay Example for Free What is a Metaphysical poem Essay Metaphysical poetry What is a Metaphysical poem? There are many definitions of Metaphysical poetry. Metaphysical when applied to poetry usually involves Love, Science, Geology, Romance, Sensuality and mans relationship with God. Metaphysical poems are lyrical poems usually containing intense meditations, characterized by striking use of wit, irony, and play on words. Underneath the formal structure is the underlying structure of the poets argument. Metaphysical poetry usually contains conceits, which is an image which you extend, which you develop; an extended metaphor. The Metaphysical poetry follows the structure of a strong first line; these strong lines brings attention to other elements in metaphysical poetry. The term is used in connection with prose as well as with verse and so invites us to look at metaphysical poetry in a wider context. At the time Metaphysical poetrys definition was An equal of ideas yoked by violence together. However, it is very worms eating up his wife; both of the images have the idea of decomposition. The speaker also said he would use hundreds of years to praise his lovers different body parts, and such expression only implies their lack of time. Let us roll all our strength and all our sweetness up into one. Marvel has very cleverly used the urgency in the poem to apply to time and sexual activity. There is an image of someone who is toothless and this represents time. The end of the poem used monosyllabic words Yet we will make him run and this is a common characteristic of a metaphysical poem. In many of Marvells poems we find the same eight syllable iambic line, yet its effect can vary remarkably. The vigorousness of the argument appears in the breathless lines. Few lines are end-stopped, and the lines have rough power of speech. In addition, Marvell manages to marry a syllogistic framework with a passionate poem of seduction. The second poem is written by John Donne Elegie: To his Mistress going to Bed. The beginning of this poem is a classic sign of a metaphysical poem; it has a very strong and dramatic opening. It contains images of war and has alternative images all the way through, this is classic of a metaphysical poem. The subject is then changed to astronomy; Donne is talking about a Geocentric universe. He also uses a cliche from pastoral poetry, Flowery meeds th hills shadow steales. The similarities in the metaphysical poems that focus on religion is that poets often stretch the boundaries of what would have been acceptable at that time. Donne even says sexual intercourse is the same as religion, which would have been seem as blasphemy. Another, common characteristic of a metaphysical poem is constant puns running parallel with the subject matter. In this poem Doone is using puns in conjunction with religion. He also used many prepositions in one sentence in order to give effect; what I mean by that is, in one sentence Donne writes: Behind, before, above, between, below. These prepositions are short and sharp words, just like the actions. Usually the Metaphysical poets deal with many different subjects in their poems, Donne has done just this. He compacts geography, religion, warfare, sex, and geometry; there is even a reference to Spain. Metaphysical poetry usually contains Paradoxes and cliches. Doone uses a cliche is this poem when using religion, he says As souls unbodied, bodies unclothd must bee. What Donne is telling the reader is when you die you go to heaven and if your clothes are removed they will go as well. Another cliche Donne uses is Like pictures, or like book gay coverings made this basically says never judge a book by its over always look at what is inside. Most Metaphysical poetry has caesurae balancing some lines. Donne has even used a hidden triple pun; he has linked the idea f law, geography, religion and sex. Finally, The Flea By John Donne, which is one of his most playful poems. In this poem Donne has separated the thinking between arts and sciences which is called Disassociation of Sensibility. Donne has used unusual images, which have been extended and extended; this is called a conceit. It is not normal to write about a flea especially not a love poem about a man and a woman. The poet has used a strong line to begin, which is usual structure for a Metaphysical poem. The brilliant use of logic in this poem reflects the characteristics of a Metaphysical poem. The Conceit gets blown out pf proportion more and more; it also becomes more bizarre. Two people being married as a flea is quite a strange concept. However, the poet goes on to explain the bizarre nature of the poem. Donne explains that there are 3 Lives in one flea. However, common for this type of poetry, the poem does a sudden turn around. The flea becomes a beautiful, weightless object. Donne uses another common characteristic of Metaphysical poetry, he is over-doing the melo-drama and using an alliteration: false, fears bee. The final line finishes the poem in the typical way in which all of the Metaphysical poems end this is with monosyllabic words. The final line is about honour, which has very little to do with the rest of the poem it is false logic, yet emphatic. This is common structure for a Metaphysical poem, finishing with a complete change of direction in the argument. So to summarize, Metaphysical poetry can involve love, science and religion. Usually this follows a structure of beginning with a powerful line to start and prolonging the conceit all the way through the poem. Marvell uses this particularly technique quite often, drawing upon philosophy to illustrate his argument and giving the poem an intellectual Savannah Jameshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06633496927132467940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-861700508873912075.post-2644068035921266742020-01-21T09:08:00.001-08:002020-01-21T09:08:02.804-08:00Mitsuyo Maeda :: essays research papers Mitsuyo Maeda In 1904, "Judo's founder Jigoro Kano sent one of his strongest young judoka, Mitsuyo Maeda (1880-1941) with Jojiro Tomita to the White House to assist in a judo demonstration for President Teddy Roosevelt. After a formal demonstration, an American football player in the audience issued an impromptu challenge." The less adept Tomita took to the floor instead of Maeda. "Tomita failed with a throw and was pinned helplessly beneath the football player's bulk. Maeda, abashed by Tomita's poor showing and frantic to reassert the superiority of Kodokan Judo, stayed on. He persuaded some Japanese businessmen to stake him $1,000 in prize money and embarked on a long career of challenging all comers throughout North and South America. The 5'5'', 154-pound Maeda was said to have engaged in over 1,000 challenge matches, never once losing a judo-style competition and only once or twice suffering defeat as a professional wrestler. In Brazil, where he eventually settled he was feted a s Conte Comte ("Count Combat") and his savage system of fighting, now called 'Gracie Jujutsu,' is employed by certain fighters in present-day 'no-holds-barred' professional matches." 1 B I O G R A P H Y It was Maeda who brought Jiu-Jitsu to Brazil. As a member of the Kodokan, Maeda went to America with his kohai Satake, etc. as Judo ambassadors. He was said to have fought more than 100 fights and in Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America, he was respected as Count Koma (Conde Koma). Maeda was born in Aomori Prefecture in 1878. When he was a boy, he learned Tenshin (Tenshin Shin'yo) Jiu-Jitsu. He moved to Tokyo when he was about 18 and went to Tokyo Senmon School. He began practicing Judo and a record of him entering the Kodokan is dated 1897. He was very persistant and never gave up on anything. He was naturaly talented in judo and rose through the ranks quickly to establish himself as the most promising young judoka in the Kodokan. Maeda was a small man at 164 cm, 70 kilo. In 1904, he travelled to the U.S. with one of his instructors, Tsunejiro Tomita. The first and only place they demonstrated judo together was at the U.S. Army academy in West Point. Contrary to what has been published, they never went to the White House to meet the President, Teddy Roosevelt. It was the Kodokan great, Yoshitsugu Yamashita who taught Roosevelt judo at the White House and later engaged in a match with a wrestler nearly twice his size at Roosevelt's request, which took place at the U. Savannah Jameshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06633496927132467940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-861700508873912075.post-15820092922943666302020-01-13T05:32:00.001-08:002020-01-13T05:32:04.578-08:00Econometrics ProjectPersonal Consumption Expenditures, Personal Income, and CPI 1980 ââ¬â 2011 April 24, 2010 Abstract The goal of this paper is to estimate the relationship between personal consumption and personal income among all Americans over the past 30 years. The data includes annual records for the four variables between the years 1980 and 2011. I have analyzed this data using the Ordinary Least Squares Method and ran a regression analysis in order to observe the relationship between my variables.In my model, I have used Real Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) as my independent variable, while the dependent variable is Real Disposable Personal Income Per-Capita. As well, I included two explanatory variables in my model which are the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and a Coincident Index. The model finds a positive relationship between personal consumption expenditures and personal income. It also shows that inflation is positively related to the independent variable of personal consumption.H owever the model demonstrates that there is an insignificant relationship between personal consumption and the Coincident Index. We can conclude that personal income has an effect on personal consumption and that there is a positive correlation between these two variables. Therefore, in general, we can assume according to this model that as personal income increases, personal consumption also increases. 1. Introduction Our economy is an ever-changing system that is affected by an infinite number of factors. Some of these factors include personal consumption, personal income, and inflation.I have chosen to look at how these factors may influence one another within the American economy. More specifically, I have chosen to research the influence of income, inflation, and the Coincidence Index on Americansââ¬â¢ consumption expenditures. I believe that individualsââ¬â¢ consumption expenditures may vary based on two main factors: A change in these individualsââ¬â¢ income and a ch ange in inflation. Many believe that as income increases, people will have more and will therefore spend more money and consume more.Some research suggests that larger household wealth is associated with higher personal consumption (Slacalek, 2009). In terms of inflation, some theories suggest that as prices rise and rates of inflation create uncertainty for the future, people will lower their consumption expenditures (Springer, 1977). However, since prices are higher, the total Personal Consumption Expenditures may still increase along with inflation. 2. Theory and Hypothesis In March, 2011, personal income increased by 0. 5 percent, while personal consumption expenditures for Americans increased by 0. 6 percent (Cohen, 2011).Based on this information, it can be concluded that the percentage increases for these variables increased nearly proportionately. I believe that this is not just a coincidence and that these variables actually share a relationship. Although this data is only for one month of one year, I hypothesize that this relationship would stay true if these statistics were to be taken over a period of several years. I believe that as Real Disposable Personal Income Per-Capita increases and individuals make more money, that people will spend more and consume more, meaning that PCE would increase.Since people would be making more money I expect that since they are more capable of spending money that they will indeed spend and consume more. I also theorize that CPI will have an effect on personal consumption. CPI, which is an indication of inflation, is an increase in prices in an economy relative to the money available in that economy. Since inflation means that you must pay more for the same goods, I hypothesize that as inflation increases, and prices rise, people will spend less, and therefore PCE will decrease. I also theorized that as the Coincident Index increases, PCE would also increase.This is because I believe that if the Coincident Index, w hich describes current economic conditions, goes up, then people will consume more while economic conditions are better. 3. Empirical Model and Data Using a multiple regression model, I estimated the relationship among my time-series data in order to learn more about my hypotheses. C = ? 0 + ? 1 *RDPI + ? 2*CPI + ? 3*CI C = -3. 540 + 3. 339(RDPI) +6. 888(CPI) +2. 315(CI) + ei Where: C= Personal Consumption Expenditures RDPI= Real Disposable Income: Per-Capita CPI= Consumer Price Index (Inflation) CI= Coincident IndexUsing Tinn-R, I came up with the following results. The Coefficients for this model are as follows: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) -3. 540e+03 3. 383e+02 -10. 466 3. 49e-11 *** RDPI 3. 339e-01 3. 903e-02 8. 555 2. 68e-09 *** CPI 6. 888e+00 3. 061e+00 2. 250 0. 0325 * CI 2. 315e+00 4. 713e+00 0. 491 0. 6271 As can be observed through these results, the t-values for both RDPI and CPI are greater than |1. 96|. Therefore, both of these variables are statist ically significant and consequently have an effect on Personal Consumption Expenditures.However, the t-value for the coincident index is not statistically significant, which means that we cannot conclude that it affects consumption. It can be assumed through this regression model that as personal income increases by 1 unit, consumption increases by 3. 339 units. As well, as PCE increases by one unit it can be assumed that PCE will increase by 6. 888 units. Therefore, I can conclude that my hypotheses regarding the relationship between consumption and income and consumption and inflation are accurate according to me regression model. However, these results may vary if other factors were to be considered in my model.As well, the results may be slightly off due to including the insignificant factor, the coincidence index. 4. Conclusion In conclusion, I have found the majority of my hypotheses to be true. I have found that both Personal Income and Inflation have an effect on Personal Co nsumption Expenditures and that both income and inflation have a positive relationship with consumption. However, based on my model, the Coincident Index does not share a relationship with PCE. I believe that this hypothesis of mine may be incorrect because the economic conditions of an conomy may not play a significant enough role on individualsââ¬â¢ consumption expenditures in order for this model to show that a relationship exists. Further research would need to be conducted in order for me to examine this relationship more closely. For example, other factors such as personal saving may influence personal consumption as well. In order to gather more clear and accurate results in the future, I would conduct more models, using more economic variables related to consumption in order to see what other potential factors may influence Personal Consumption Expenditures.References * Amadeo, Kimberly. ââ¬Å"How Inflation Affects Your Life ââ¬â The Impact of Inflation on Prices and Treasury Bonds. â⬠US Economy and Business ââ¬â US Economic Indicators ââ¬â US Economic News. N. p. , n. d. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. Savannah Jameshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06633496927132467940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-861700508873912075.post-6163408368215239002020-01-05T01:55:00.001-08:002020-01-05T01:55:05.046-08:00Children s Child Welfare Reform Essay - 1905 Words In 1980, about 500,000 children were in foster care, but a series of successful reforms began with that year s Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act which dramatically decreased the number of children in foster care. But in the early 1990s, with the advent of crack cocaine and an economic recession numbers went back up. Child welfare advocates said that the foster care system was in need of changes so that children spend less time in foster placements and that Americaââ¬â¢s child welfare system needed an improvement. Some children in care were separated from their siblings, others transitioned from one foster care placement to another, never knowing where to call home. Too many children were being abused in systems that were supposed to protect them. Instead of being safely reunified with their families or moved quickly into adoptive homes many remained in foster homes or institutions for years. In 2014, over 650,000 children spent time in the child welfare foster care system. On average, children remain in state care for nearly two years and seven percent of children in foster care remain in foster care for five years or more. The majority of children in foster care are very young, the average age of children in care is around the age of nine. In 2014, more than half of children entering the United States foster care system were children of color. While most children in foster care reside with family in the present time, 14 percent of minorities live in institutions orShow MoreRelated Welfare Reform - Welfare Recipients MUST take Personal Responsibility1248 Words à |à 5 PagesWelfare Reform - Welfare Recipients MUST take Personal Responsibility à à à à à Public Welfare is an important support system of the United States government. Welfare has its benefits, but the system has pitfalls. 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Welfare was first introduced Savannah Jameshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06633496927132467940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-861700508873912075.post-88496889948136902072019-12-27T22:19:00.001-08:002019-12-27T22:19:03.310-08:00Philosophy of Nursing Essay - 864 Words Philosophy of Nursing Nursing should not be looked upon or practiced as a mere physical approach to healing. Nursing should encompass the aspect of restoring each individual patient to his/her maximum physical and emotional state of being. In order to achieve such a goal, a patient must be able to bond with her caregiver on a personal level (Blais Hayes, 2011). Jean Watsonââ¬â¢s caritas factors sets an environment where the patient can obtain optimum health benefits (Blais Hayes, 2011). The goal of this paper is to state my philosophy of nursing, the important dynamics and values that led me to adopting this philosophy, and the reason why I choose nursing as a profession. I will further explain how Jean Watsonââ¬â¢s principles of philosophy isâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Witnessing the patience, strength, and compassionate attributions that nurses convey within their care was remarkable. Having the opportunity to make a positive difference in the life of another human being was a very overwhelmi ng and humbling experience for me. Therefore, these encounters set the foundation towards my pursuit of a nursing career. As a nurse, I familiarize and incorporate Jean Watsonââ¬â¢s caritas principles into my professional and person life. Human caring is the core of the healing process (DiNapoli, Nelson, Turkel, Watson, 2010). Patients will often cease with the continuation of their therapy if it is not meaningful to them. A nurse should strive to understand and truly care for her patient in order to form a healing relationship (Zolnierek, 2013). Establishing trust within a relationship will enable a patient to reveal his/her true emotions towards the course of treatment. Watson proclaims that the act of caring reveals a stronger effect than medication alone (DiNapoli et al., 2010). I concur with this assumption based on my experiences as a nurse. Unfortunately, I have witnessed patients withdraw and slip deeper into depression while on medication for their diagnosis. However, I have also observed the quality and outlook of a patientââ¬â¢s life improve significantly after realizing someone truly cares for them. My personal selection of nursing philosophies were instilled upon meShow MoreRelatedNursing Philosophy Of Nursing727 Words à |à 3 PagesIntroduction As a nursing student in the BSN program at West Coast University, I have discovered my skills and knowledge to prepare myself on how to be an efficient nurse as well as a nurse that truly cares for the best quality of care given to a patient. 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The values and skills that nursesââ¬â¢ learn as they care for patients continue to develop into rules and regulations for future nursesRead Morenursing philosophy1276 Words à |à 6 Pages Nursing Philosophy: My Nursing Abstract Philosophy is a system of beliefs, it is often looked at as an effort to define nursing situations that is observed to exist or happen and serves as the basis for later theoretical formulations. Florence Nightingale the first nurse theorist, philosophy states that nursing is establishing and environment that allows persons to recover from illness. Nursing has four metaparadigms the client, the environment, health and nursing. MetaparadigmsRead MoreNursing Philosophy1001 Words à |à 5 PagesNURSING PHILOSOPHY, 1 NURSING PHILOSOPHY NURSING PHILOSOPHY, 2 Nursing philosophy Definitions Philosophy Philosophies encompass a multitude of value statements and beliefs. 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Throughout this paperRead MoreNursing Philosophy784 Words à |à 4 PagesNursing philosophy ââ¬Å"identifies what is believed to be the basic or central phenomena of the discipline, relates nursing to a particular world view, and provides some information on how one may come to learn about the worldâ⬠. (p. 13, Salsberry, 2008). My personal philosophy of nursing evolved over the years and includes my observations, beliefs, thoughts, and practices. The purpose of this paper is to discuss my personal philosophy of nursing and the personal and professional experiences that haveRead MoreNursing Philosophy1373 Words à |à 6 PagesNursing Philosop hy Ayesha Muhammad Alcorn State University July 27, 2010 Nursing Philosophy Nursing is more than just simply a career. Nursing is a calling from a higher power. I chose to be a nurse for several different reasons. My uncle was diagnosed with terminal lung cancer in (date). The care and compassion shown to my uncle put nursing in another perspective for me. The feelings of care and comfort my family received during this tragic time had a strong impact on my decision toRead MoreNursing Philosophy637 Words à |à 3 PagesPhilosophy of nursing is an occupation consisting of professional individuals that exhibit and express compassion, respect, dignity and integrity to their patients and fellow coworkers. Nursing is not just a career, it is intertwined in the way we think, make decisions and prioritize values. As a nurse, it is important to me to provide the highest quality nursing care possible to achieve excellence in patient outcomes, while simultaneously, providing a respectful healing environment and work withRead MorePhilosophy of Nursing1024 Words à |à 5 PagesPhilosophy of Nursing Alicia Hanford Elms College Philosophy of Nursing I remember at a young age telling my mother that I wanted to be a nurse just like her, she told me to choose a different path. Her response surprised me but did not stop me from pursuing my dream. I am passionate about being a nurse and what that role means. With recent frustrations with others in this profession I finally understood why my mother told me to choose a different path. I have always believed that beingRead MoreNursing Philosophy : My Personal Philosophy Of Nursing932 Words à |à 4 PagesMy Philosophy of Nursing My personal philosophy of nursing began at an early age watching my mother volunteer for 25 years on the local rescue squad, following in the footsteps of her mother. I learned that helping others in a time of need should always be a priority. Respect and dignity should always be shown to people, no matter the who they are or where they are from. I have and will continue to show compassion for others while administering professional holistic care, guided by the American Savannah Jameshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06633496927132467940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-861700508873912075.post-69538271944498498482019-12-19T18:08:00.001-08:002019-12-19T18:08:03.918-08:00What Makes Fashion Heal - 2836 Words 1. CAN FASHION HEAL? 2. ABSTRACT There are many aspects to the question of whether or not Fashion can heal. This report investigates the possibility of fashion as a creative therapy in itââ¬â¢s own right and proposes that fashion can aid in pain management, as well as improving wellbeing and mental health, and provides evidence to support this theory. It assesses the healing properties of textiles such as Ayurvastra, and sets out the research which supports the claims that such fabrics can heal much more than just topical skin conditions. It also evaluates the potential for fashion and clothing garments to assist in the treatment of for example psychomotor deficient children and dementia sufferers through the use of sensory and tactile therapy clothing. 3. INTRODUCTION 3.1. Purpose Scope It is widely accepted that Fashion makes people look good. In contrast, there is less evidence to prove or disprove whether or not Fashion can make people feel good. Not just in the sense of retail therapy and increasing self-confidence, but in relation to healing our body and mind, and increasing our sense of well-being. The purpose of this study was to determine if fashion could indeed heal us from within, or if it could only make us feel better superficially. This report covers fashion as a creative arts therapy, as well as investigating the evidence in relation to the efficacy of healing fabrics and textiles, and the potential use of fashion in relation to tactile and sensoryShow MoreRelatedThe Catholic Social Teaching Principles are a tool to achieve the common good. In the past and in800 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Catholic Social Teaching Principles are a tool to achieve the common good. In the past and in todayââ¬â¢s world the common good is short of being what is good f or the whole world and has become what is good for a single society. The Cherokee Indians face the common good of the United Statesââ¬â¢ culture being forced on to them. Due to this they have lost what their culture was about, along with hundreds of lives. We can see how the Catholic Social Teaching Principles a line with their past ways, and howRead MoreFemale Genital Mutilation : When A Cultural Practice Develops Clinical And Ethical Dilemmas861 Words à |à 4 Pagescritical and should not be ignored. When a provider rejects a clientââ¬â¢s request for female genital mutilation of any type, they are helping to reinforce change from within the system. Hellsten, S. K. 2004. Rationalizing circumcision: from tradition to fashion, from public health to individual freedom--critical notes on cultural persistence of the practice of genital mutilation. Journal of Medical Ethics 30 (3): 248-53. Most arguments against male or female genital mutilation argue that the practicesRead MoreHarlem: a Dream Deferred1043 Words à |à 5 Pagesaspirations that we hope to reach on our lifetime. They are the day that gives us the drive to live our lives and accomplish our goals. When reaching our goals, we will do anything to get to our destination. But what happens when your dreams deferred and put on hold due to unseen circumstances? Or what do you so when someone tells you that you can not so the things you want to so because of the pigmentation of your skin? Langton Hughes ââ¬Å"Harlem: A Dream Deferredâ⬠expresses that hardship and African AmericansRead MoreHistorical Context Matrix Essay1588 Words à |à 7 Pagesanimals.| | |show them to make and |in stores, wherever | | |Whatever it is that| | |they would in turn |people were willing | | |the snake oil | | |bring them into towns |to buy. | | |sellers ask for in | | |and sell them and heal| | Read MoreReasons behind Lucasà ´ Suicide in Good Hair Essay1342 Words à |à 6 Pagesrelationships. The final reason is that Lucas felt a lot of guilt for attempting to rape Alice. While all of these reasons negatively affected Lucas and were the reasons behind his suicide, they also taught Alice valuable lessons which allowed her to make improvements to her life. If it was not for the lessons in identity, cultural perspective, and self worth, Alice would not have been able to move forward with the changes in her life. In the story of Good Hair, Lucasââ¬â¢ lack of identity was one of theRead MoreThe Role Of The Church In Orthodoxy Is To Reconcile Man1329 Words à |à 6 PagesObviously, that isnââ¬â¢t the intention of the author. Rather the point is that depending on the era or age the Church is living in, she is allowed to express her canonical reality as she sees fit. We are to trust that the Holy Spirit is guiding holy men to make a decision that they feel is the most suitable one for the entire Church. In addition, further evidence is provided by Patsavos as to why the canons are clearly not legalistic in nature such as the relatively small number of canons issued by the synodsRead MoreComparing Vampires and Werewolves1379 Words à |à 6 Pagesthey like to dress in the newest fashions, and have an extreme sexual presence about them. Humans are drawn to them because of these features. Some vampires are tortured by the curse of being a vampire, and have managed to retain their souls. These vampires no longer burn in the sunlight, no longer fear religious icons, and do not like garlic only because of how bad it smells. What it comes down to, is that vampires are less scary and much more desirable now, then what they use to be. Read MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe953 Words à |à 4 PagesFrancis Bacon once wrote ââ¬Å"A man that studieth revenge keeps his wounds green, which otherwise would heal and do well.â⬠Bacon is telling us that it really hurts the individual to hold a grudge and seek revenge. ââ¬Å"The Cask of Amontilladoâ⬠is a short story by the American poet, editor and story writer Edgar Allen Poe. This story is a tale of revenge touching on the darker sides of human nature and at what lengths a man will go to achieve vengeance. We are told by our narrator Montresor that he had beenRead MoreSummary Of A Memoir Of Survival 1352 Words à |à 6 PagesAmazon. The shocking story ends as these heroic women escape but in Masquerade the torture continues through even after Rani divorces the maniac who had kidnapped her children and turned them against her. Just as Memoir speaks to any person trying to make sense of horrendous acts, Masquerade show women that there can be hope to escape violence. Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail by Cheryl Strayed (Viking, 2013) tells of Strayed desperate act of courage when her life tumbled out ofRead MoreThe Philosophies Of Christianity And Islam And Their Impact On The Patient s Care Essay1294 Words à |à 6 Pageshealthcare workers, properly caring for individuals from many different backgrounds and beliefs is an important one. The United States is made up of a multitude of cultures with distinct religions and beliefs. Treating the whole person includes not just what is ailing the body but also recognizing the spiritual side of the patient. Healthcare providers must remain open minded and take into consideration the rituals and beliefs of the patient in order to provide sensitive care. This paper will discuss the Savannah Jameshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06633496927132467940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-861700508873912075.post-55221465592099373062019-12-11T14:50:00.001-08:002019-12-11T14:50:03.641-08:00Acme Incorporated Accounting Practises free essay sample This paper is an analysis of Acme Incorporated accounting practices on deferred income taxes and the discrepancies between tax and book depreciation methods found by the Certified Public Accountant (CPA), Stephanie Delaney, the new director of corporate taxation. We will write a custom essay sample on Acme Incorporated Accounting Practises or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a result of such discrepancies, Acme realizes large deferred tax liability, thus reducing the income taxes paid. In addition, Ms. Delaney found out about the policy of selling plant assets before they would reverse in the deferred tax liability account. This policy complemented with the rapid expansion of the plant asset base allowed a continuous defer of income taxes payable for many years. Despite finding the policies legal, Ms. Delaney doubted their ethics. The analysis discusses about the Acmeââ¬â¢s reasons of selling plant assets before the deferred tax liability is reversed, its ethical implications, who might get harmed by such policies and what are Ms. Delaneyââ¬â¢s responsibilities as a CPA and director of corporate taxation. As stated above, Acme has the policy of selling plant assets before the temporary differences reverse, thus avoiding deferred tax payments. When the temporary differences reverse, taxable income would be higher than financial accounting income. Acme would start paying taxes it deferred from the previous years, in case the tax depreciation exceeds book depreciation. To avoid it, Acme sells the plant assets. This policy coupled with the rapid expansion of the asset base suggests that the company is deferring tax liabilities when they sell the existing assets, by requiring new ones. Acmeââ¬â¢s method of restructuring their assets, results in 100 % deferral of the tax liabilities. Furthermore, selling-off assets before the temporary difference reverses, enables Acme to minimize the taxes paid by using a legal strategy plan. The Federal Government provides such incentives to the businesses, so making use of deferring tax payable incentive, does not bring any legal or ethical issue. On the other hand, there is a concern that Acme is not paying its ââ¬Å"fair shareâ⬠of taxes, thus gaining on the expense of the Federal government. In addition, Federal Government would be harmed by Acmeââ¬â¢s practice of deferring income tax payable, because it receives fewer taxes that otherwise they would receive if Acme would not practice the same policy. Furthermore, in case the replacement assets are more expensive to acquire, the cash flow is decreased, negatively affecting short-term investors and creditors benefits. Situations ethicality is one major problem that a CPA faces. Being a CPA requires to advocate objectivity and integrity of financial reporting. Since, Ms. Delaney is uncomfortable with the ethics of Acmeââ¬â¢s accounting practices, than she should communicate her discomfort and concern to the Acmeââ¬â¢s managers and also to the Audit Committee and probably to the Board of Directors. The selling of the plant assets before the temporary differences reversed in the deferred tax liability account is considered as a profitable and ethical policy by Acme Incorporated but it is not considered ethical by Ms. Delaney. Such policy benefits the corporation due to the huge decrease in the deferred tax payable. Before talking actions, the CPA has to be clarified upon the reasons of adopting such policies, which is why Ms. Delaney should talk with managers. Savannah Jameshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06633496927132467940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-861700508873912075.post-56160877020995318892019-12-04T02:33:00.001-08:002019-12-04T02:33:02.534-08:00Jason P. McCauley World Civilization II Essays - Carbonari Jason P. McCauley World Civilization II Paper # 2 April 5, 1999 Guiseppe Mazzini, Faith in Democratic Nationalism Before the nineteenth century, Italy was basically controlled by outside forces consisting of other powerful European nations, such as the French. At the beginning of nineteenth century however, there was a great philosophical change going on in the Italian territories that was heavily pushing Italian Nationalism. This movement was sometimes referred to as the Risorgimento. This cultural and political period of Italian history helped fortify the countrymen's nationalism and strove for a unified Italy. Under this movement called the Risorgimento, there were also different views among the leading nationalistic advocates. One such advocate that related more to the radical side of the debate was Guiseppe Mazzini. His thoughts and writings pushed strong nationalism in Italy, as well as the idea that a unified Italy, along with a unified Europe, would provide the world with huge moral improvements and would also greatly help the progress of Humanity. His main point being that only revoluti on and war supported by direct public action would lead to the true unification of the Italian state. With these strong beliefs, Mazzini and other advocates of this cause provided the basic structuring of the revolutions in 1848, and also later revolutions. Guiseppe Mazzini was born in Genoa, Italy on June 22, 1805. At the time when Mazzini was attending the University of Genoa, he was arrested for his democratic actions and was therefore exiled. As a result, Mazzini started up the Society of Young Italy, who's main aim was the establishment of a free and unified Italian State. After plans for a national uprising were discovered, many of the leaders of Young Italy were either executed or exiled. Mazzini was condemned to death but managed to proceed in his democratic works. His ideas continued through his writings as he was forced to seek refuge in London, although he did return to Italy for the revolutions in 1848 and 1849 against the French. He did live to see the unification of Italy, although it was far from what he had envisioned in his works. Mazzini then returned to Italy once more and died on March 10, 1872. During his childhood, Mazzini's parents instilled many thoughts and beliefs pertaining to the idea of a free and democratic government in Italy. For the rest of his life, he then pursued his ultimate dream of a unified Italian state through his political teachings and writings. One major notion that fueled this life long quest was Mazzini's great interest in moral improvement and the progress of humanity not only in Italy, but also throughout the world. Certain evil governments(840) which extend beyond their natural boundaries through conquest have slowed the progress of humanity by dividing countries and also trying to incorporate other nations into their own. Doing this will slow down or stop the ability for one country to assimilate its entire people into one nationalistic culture. This culture can solidify a country by the instilling its nation's historical traditions, a common language, and also the idea of all people striving towards the same goals for the good of the country a nd humanity. As a result of these ideas, no man can really be a part of humanity without a country to love and fight for and without countrymen to love and support him back. As Mazzini states, Our country is our home, the home God has given us, placing therein a numerous family which we love and are loved by ... In laboring according to true principles for our country we are laboring for Humanity;(841), where if we fight for our country and our principles, we can only be doing good things for Humanity as a whole. Another idea that Mazzini stresses heavily is the basis of a country's laws and how they should be obtained and directed. He states, There is no true country without a uniform law.(841), meaning that if the laws you abide by are not regulating everyone in that nation the same way, because of class systems or just abuse of power by the hierarchy, you are not truly a part of a nation where the ground you live on should give you basic unbreakable rights Savannah Jameshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06633496927132467940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-861700508873912075.post-49606051264225591702019-11-27T21:56:00.001-08:002019-11-27T21:56:03.719-08:00Articles Of Confederation Essays (598 words) - Articles Of Confederation From 1781 to 1789 the Articles of Confederation provided the United States with an ineffective government, however there were some strong steps taken in the articles to try and make the United States a better country. The articles created a loose confederation of independent states that gave limited powers to a central government, known as Congress. Some actions taken by Congress, such as the Treaty of Paris, and certain powers that were given to them were sometimes beneficial to the United States. Nevertheless, in attempting to limit the power of the central government, the Second Continental Congress created one without sufficient power to govern effectively, which led to serious national and international problems. The greatest weakness of the federal government under the Articles of Confederation was its inability to regulate trade and levy taxes. In the long run, the Articles of Confederation was a shot in the arm for the United States. The Articles of Confederation arranged a national government that would consist of a single house of Congress, where each state would have one vote. Congress had the power to set up a postal department, to estimate the costs of the government and request donations from the states, and to raise armed forces. Congress could also borrow money as well as declare war and enter into treaties and alliances with foreign nations. With this power, Congress was able to make the Articles of Confederation look good by signing the Treaty of Paris in 1783. This treaty, signed along with Great Britain, concluded the American Revolution. By its terms, Great Britain recognized the thirteen colonies as the free and independent United States of America. However, the most important power was that Congress had the right to obtain territory and control development of the western territories, which was previously controlled by their mother country, Great Britain. (Doc D) With the Articles of Confederation, the United States was able to break away from their mother country and become a free nation, setting up their own government. Although the articles set the United States free, it was unable to provide them with a solid government. Leaders like John Jay and James Madison criticized the Articles of Confederation because of the weak government. (Doc G) There were several problems between the states and the central government. For instance, sometimes the states refused to give the government the money it needed, and they engaged in tariff wars with one another, bringing interstate trading to a halt. The government could not pay off the debts it had incurred during the revolution, including paying soldiers who had fought in the war and citizens who had provided supplies to the cause. (Doc C) In addition, the new nation was unable to defend its borders from British and Spanish encroachment because it could not pay for an army when the states would not contribute the necessary funds. Another serious problem was that Congress could not pass needed measures because they lacked nine-state majority required to become laws. The states largely ignored Congress, which was powerless to enforce cooperation, and it was therefore unable to carry out its duties; duties such as trade regulation, which began to crumble with the entrance of the articles. The United States was unable to expand their market value with the population. (Doc B) With all of the difficulty between the people and the government, it is obvious that the Articles of Confederation weakened the United States. Congress did gain some control, and did some good deeds, but their control was too limited, and they could not get along with the people. The central government could not manage the trade regulation, nor could they levy taxes on the people. With no money being brought into the government, no country is able to be successful. American History Savannah Jameshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06633496927132467940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-861700508873912075.post-1521827903424725212019-11-24T05:31:00.001-08:002019-11-24T05:31:04.371-08:00Free Essays on My Last DouchessThe Duke of ââ¬Å"My Last Duchessâ⬠Outline Thesis: The Duke of Ferrara, the speaker is a jealous, arrogant and hypocrite man who was very controlling over his dead wife I. The Dukeââ¬â¢s desire of control is displayed with each one of his actions A. He shows off the portrait of his dead wife B. He monopolizes his conversation with the envoy C. He tells the envoy when to sit and when to rise II. There is an irony in the control the Duke wants to impose over other people. He really does not have much control. A. He could not control his wifeââ¬â¢s smiles B. He cannot control what the envoy will inform the count III. Arrogance is manifested by the Duke The Duke of ââ¬Å"My Last Duchessâ⬠Murder, arrogance, hypocrisy, jealously and possessiveness are some of the main themes we can find in ââ¬Å"My Last Duchessâ⬠. Robert Browning's poem, "My Last Duchess," features a sixteenth century Duke engaged in dialogue with an arbiter of a Count. "My last Duchess" is spoken from the perspective of the Duke and conveys the Dukeââ¬â¢s personality through the literary form of a dramatic monologue. The subtitle of ââ¬Å"My Last Duchessâ⬠is ââ¬Å"Ferraraâ⬠, which makes a historical reference to the Duke of Ferrara. ââ¬Å"The poem, "My Last Duchess" is based on incidents in the life of Alfonso II, duke of Ferrara in Italyâ⬠(Lombardy). According to Hecimovich ââ¬Å"the situation is take [sic] from the life of an actual sixteenth-century, but Browning has imagined the specific incidentâ⬠. The Duke of Ferrara, the speaker is a jealous, arrogant and hypocrite man who was very controlling over his dead wife. By talking about his previous wife, the Duke s hows of his power and the requirements his next wife should meet. His diction reveals his personality very clearly. The poem begins with the Duke pointing at the painting on the wall that portrays his last duchess. The reader is directed to imagine the Duke walking with the countââ¬â¢s agent through his art gall... Free Essays on My Last Douchess Free Essays on My Last Douchess The Duke of ââ¬Å"My Last Duchessâ⬠Outline Thesis: The Duke of Ferrara, the speaker is a jealous, arrogant and hypocrite man who was very controlling over his dead wife I. The Dukeââ¬â¢s desire of control is displayed with each one of his actions A. He shows off the portrait of his dead wife B. He monopolizes his conversation with the envoy C. He tells the envoy when to sit and when to rise II. There is an irony in the control the Duke wants to impose over other people. He really does not have much control. A. He could not control his wifeââ¬â¢s smiles B. He cannot control what the envoy will inform the count III. Arrogance is manifested by the Duke The Duke of ââ¬Å"My Last Duchessâ⬠Murder, arrogance, hypocrisy, jealously and possessiveness are some of the main themes we can find in ââ¬Å"My Last Duchessâ⬠. Robert Browning's poem, "My Last Duchess," features a sixteenth century Duke engaged in dialogue with an arbiter of a Count. "My last Duchess" is spoken from the perspective of the Duke and conveys the Dukeââ¬â¢s personality through the literary form of a dramatic monologue. The subtitle of ââ¬Å"My Last Duchessâ⬠is ââ¬Å"Ferraraâ⬠, which makes a historical reference to the Duke of Ferrara. ââ¬Å"The poem, "My Last Duchess" is based on incidents in the life of Alfonso II, duke of Ferrara in Italyâ⬠(Lombardy). According to Hecimovich ââ¬Å"the situation is take [sic] from the life of an actual sixteenth-century, but Browning has imagined the specific incidentâ⬠. The Duke of Ferrara, the speaker is a jealous, arrogant and hypocrite man who was very controlling over his dead wife. By talking about his previous wife, the Duke s hows of his power and the requirements his next wife should meet. His diction reveals his personality very clearly. The poem begins with the Duke pointing at the painting on the wall that portrays his last duchess. The reader is directed to imagine the Duke walking with the countââ¬â¢s agent through his art gall... Savannah Jameshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06633496927132467940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-861700508873912075.post-8845617945727920762019-11-21T06:41:00.001-08:002019-11-21T06:41:03.828-08:00Material and the Representational Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsMaterial and the Representational - Essay Example Social and cultural geography have, over time, experienced a lot of change as a result of developments in schools of thought. Modernization processes of various countries have expressed the extent of the relationship between modernity and geography. There is literature that has indicated that modernization is a project of geography. With modernization and its key concepts such as globalization of affairs social and cultural geography have moved closer. In (Barnes et al. 2004), it is indicated that the reconstruction of geographical conditions is as a result of the production process which incorporates nature and society. In this reconstruction, there is the production of a restless hybrid quasi-object that welds together representational, symbolic and material practices of the production process, often characterized with competition. The coming together of social and cultural theory has revitalized human geography. Smith (2000) underlines that the recombination of social geography wi th cultural is a welcome idea. In this recombination, the role of material culture perspective is referred cited as being central. According to Jackson (2000), there are good reasons for contemporary social and cultural geography to incorporate material culture. In the same article, materialism role is demonstrated using food and textile. The flows of these goods and their related activities have social implications dictating the kind of relationships amongst people. While linking culture and the social process Smith (2000), demonstrates how both are related by work. In this taxonomy, culture is delineated as work which is a social process. Their symbiotic relational point-work- is deeply entrenched to political economy (Smith 2000). The materialism of the social geography is also one of the chief ways of representing how a society makes and sustains connections with the ââ¬Ësocialââ¬â¢. In his arguments Gregson (2003), indicates that reclaiming the ââ¬Ësocialââ¬â¢ has a direct relationship to social life materiality. This is so with specificity to key components of the society such as production processes, reproduction and organization. With regard to this reclamation, Gregson further indicate to the need to less contemporary questions on materiality and inequalities in the society. The issue of inequalities, both regional and urban transcends societies. Essentially, it has close relations with representation and the social materialism as regarding the role of organization and the production process. According to a World Bank report, inequalities present analysts with complexity of historical and geographical factors. In these inequalities there are factors such as weak resources endowment and distribution as well as market inaccessibility affecting development (World Bank 2005). As such, there have been long standing disparities. Further, the report alludes that regional inequalities are reflected when groups- social, racial and ethnical- are con centrated in common places. The concern for representation is manifested by the extent of effectiveness of decentralization of resources relative to power concentration. With imbalances in representation and, public policy carries biases and can therefore not adequately address spatial inequalities. This has effect on social mobility, risk Savannah Jameshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06633496927132467940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-861700508873912075.post-70827292410260032702019-11-20T07:18:00.001-08:002019-11-20T07:18:04.108-08:00The relationship of ethical climate Research PaperThe relationship of ethical climate - Research Paper Example The wars fought to be a monarch, the brawls between various political parties, the rivalry for becoming the head of department and the intense competition to become the CEO symbolizes the inborn fancy humans have for Control ,command and to have immense clout to pilot people. This task is however not a piece of cake, while leading and managing people a person is not merely administering a subordinate or an inferior. If we place ourselves in the shoes of a manager or a higher authority, it would be an easy deduction that one has to tackle a substantial array of different ââ¬Ëââ¬â¢psychologicalââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ conducts and has to knob the infinite mood swings at times. There are some evils linked with supervision particularly in organizations, the most treacherous to handle is the problem employees. This special clan of people creates problems falling in an either inconsequential category or a colossal group that instigates the employer to take some imperative action instantly. F or instance there are a number of reasons an employee can motivate an employer to show them the door: Insubordination, theft, excess absences and tardiness etc (J, 2006). The high turnover of the employees multiplies the ordeals for the management.à Therefore the employers chalk out diverse strategies to correct the awkward actions or simply opt for the termination approach. But the employee turnover can hurt the overall productivity and is often a symptom of other difficulties. (J, 2006).à ... There are some evils linked with supervision particularly in organizations, the most treacherous to handle is the problem employees. This special clan of people creates problems falling in an either inconsequential category or a colossal group that instigates the employer to take some imperative action instantly. For instance there are a number of reasons an employee can motivate an employer to show them the door: Insubordination, theft, excess absences and tardiness etc (J, 2006). The high turnover of the employees multiplies the ordeals for the management. Therefore the employers chalk out diverse strategies to correct the awkward actions or simply opt for the termination approach. But the employee turnover can hurt the overall productivity and is often a symptom of other difficulties. Other costs of turnover are associated with selecting, orienting and training new workers (Billikopf, 2003). So the healthier alternative is to craft some on-job techniques and corrective measures th at can improve the working ambiance. Details: Around the world the managers and officials are trying to manage the digressions of their problematic subordinates. There are different procedures that are chalked out by people to direct the trouble-creators. For instance confrontation, 360 degrees feedback, termination, environmental upgrading and augmentation in incentives are the few things that are commonly practiced to humanize the negative mind-sets. But if certain sociological theories of deviance are considered profoundly they portray another side of the picture. As in the ââ¬Ëââ¬â¢labeling theoryââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ states that the deviance is socially constructed process in Savannah Jameshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06633496927132467940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-861700508873912075.post-22332950400362448622019-11-17T20:57:00.001-08:002019-11-17T20:57:04.446-08:00Extremely Fat and Barely Digesting Junk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 wordsExtremely Fat and Barely Digesting Junk - Essay Example à Healthy food is cheaper for consumers, therefore more money remains in savings, living standard increases, healthy way of life can be (and should be) example for the further generation, it means much healthier and tough people. All people know that with a bad fuel car will drive for two or three meters then it will be broken. So the people are, peopleââ¬â¢s fuel is food and bad food can cause problems with proper digesting since the organism is the system of systems, malfunction of one will ruin others. Proved fact that abusive eating of fast food results in problems with health decreases savings, cultivates the improper way of life and disregards of healthy food. Failure of digesting system (diabetes or obesity) results in the problems with locomotor and endocrine systems and it can lead to fatal outcome. Healthy food provides enough energy for the proper functioning of the organism and human body remains healthy. Spreading of fast food concept can critically affect the society. Increasing of fast food institution taxation will not have the result, such institution will raise costs for favorite American food and they buy it even for enormous prices, it will make people from the low-income class feel the last hold slipping away. One should use other methods of impact; however, such methods will not be discussed in the present paper. The rate of people suffering from obesity and diabetes is constantly sky-rocketing. Understanding of what is healthy, and what is not will help people to fight killing diseases. It needs fundamental changes, and not only in the government, more importantly, to change the mentality. Society should eradicate the concept of eating-on-the-run. The most precious thing in humanââ¬â¢s life is health; nothing in the world will help to return health. And junk food is strong means to deprive the health.à Savannah Jameshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06633496927132467940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-861700508873912075.post-28607335790327389042019-11-15T09:29:00.001-08:002019-11-15T09:29:11.180-08:00Septic Shock Case Study: Causes and EffectsSeptic Shock Case Study: Causes and Effects Introduction Septic Shock is a serious circulatory disorder often characterised by a whole- body inflammatory state and the systemic response to infection (Titheradge, 1998), with the most common cause being the contamination of blood with bacteria. Septic shock is defined as sepsis with hypotension which develops in almost half of all septic patients as a complication with a mortality rate of 40-60% (Titheradge, 1998). Septic shock often results in a progressive failure of the circulation to provide blood and oxygen to vital organs of the body resulting in impaired tissue perfusion and oxygen extraction (Thiemermann, 1997). The key symptoms include a severe fall in blood pressure (hypotension) with hypo-reactivity to vasoconstrictor agents (vasoplegia) which may lead to the dysfunction or failure of major organs including lungs, liver, kidneys and brain (multiple organ dysfunction, MODS) and ultimately death (Goligorski et al., 1997). Presently it is widely assumed that septic shock rarely shows similar symptoms in affected individuals and therefore it is difficult to detect and then consequently treat it (Groeneveld and Thijs, 1986). It is, however, also agreed that most of the therapeutic interventions invariably focus on the primary aim of fighting the refractory hypotension by the use of aggressive fluid infusions, glucocorticoids, large doses of vasoconstrictors (Baumgartner and Calandra, 1999) and occasionally renal replacement therapy (Wheeler Bernard, 1999). Yet these interventions do not offer consistent success (Parratt, 1997). In recent times, our understanding of the pathophysiology of septic shock has developed significantly through experimental and clinical trials, though the discovery of a suitable treatment with therapeutic efficacy is proving elusive (Baumgartner and Calandra, 1999). This is probably because of the heterogeneity of the clinical situations and the differences in host response to i dentical pathogens. Moreover evidence suggests that different pathogens which cause septic shock respond differently to the conventional treatments. Still, no effort has been made to treat patients according to the nature of the infecting organism (Gao, Anonymous, 1992). During the early 1990s nitric oxide (NO) emerged as a potentially substantial step towards the treatment of septic shock. This finding directed scientists to carry out numerous clinical trials and animal experiments with the objective of finding out more about the interrelation of NO and Sepsis (Cobb, 1999; Kilbourn, 1999). Later, the discovery of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) made this enzyme the primary target of therapeutic agents (Rosselet et al., 1998). However, recently a substantial amount of literature has been published with evidence contradicting the discoveries of earlier studies. Today more than a decade has elapsed without any resolution to the matter and even in this 21st century Septic Shock is invading the developing countries rapidly (Cobb, 1999; Kilbourn, 1999). This problem of a lack of significant advances in this field can be highlighted by the fact that 17 years have passed since the final publication of the Consensus Conference on sepsis and sepsis related syndromes (Rangel-Frausto, 2005). This paper conclusively defined sepsis and its symptoms with the hope of finding a suitable treatment in order to eradicate the disease (Rangel-Frausto, 2005). Today, however, the situation has not changed significantly with up to 750,000 new sepsis cases every year and 215,000 annual deaths in the United States (Trzeciak et al., 2008, Mitchell M. Levy, 2007). Additionally, in the population that survives such attacks, there is considerable morbidity with many scoring low in health related quality of life assessments (Kaarlola et al., 2003, Perl et al., 1995). Hence the 5 million lives campaign instigated by the US Institute of Healthcare Improvements, aims to minimize the prevalence of nosocomial sepsis (sepsis originating in a hospital) (Gao et al., 2008). This campaign aimed specifically at increasing safety and transforming the quality of hospital care (McCannon et al., 2007). Moreover, the Surviving Sepsis Campaign aims to improve the quality of life of septic patients using the best evidence available currently (Dellinger et al., 2004). Though the world mortality rates have declined in recent times, sepsis is gradually becoming more prevalent in the elderly in the developing countries (Gao et al., 2008).This is mainly due to the extended longevity of patients with chronic illnesses, the increased occurrence of immunosuppression, and the more frequent use of invasive procedures (Bone, 1991; Parrillo, 1993). Sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock and multiple organ failure still dominate the mass cases of non coronary intensive care units (ICUs). This essay will attempt to explore the fundamental mechanisms leading to tissue and organ damage in septic shock through the investigation of a case study. Following this, the discovery and general biology of nitric oxide (NO) shall be discussed, and the experimental evidence implicating NO as an effector in sepsis, will be examined in detail. The results obtained from various pharmacologic interventions directed at NO in animal studies will also be considered. This report will also give an account of conventional and innovative treatments for the management of septic shock. Finally, data from the few available relevant clinical trials will be reviewed and possible future avenues of interest will be discussed. Systemic Inflammatory response syndrome and Septic Shock (Clinical Manifestation) Sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock were inaccurately defined until a recently reviewed consensus conference in 1992 (Bone et al., 1992, Dellinger et al., 2004). In this meeting the term systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) was invented insinuating a clinical response arising from a nonspecific tissue damaging event (insult) (Rangel-Frausto, 2005). Sepsis as mentioned earlier is the result of substantial release of inflammatory mediators in response to an infection. However, often the same mediators are released in the absence of a documented infected in several medical conditions such as cardiopulmonary bypass (Wan S. et al., 1997), pancreatitis and trauma (Shanley TP. et al., 2006). Due to this, the early definitions of sepsis or septic shock were found to be misleading hence a North American consensus conference proposed a new terminology. In this conference sepsis was defined as a condition in which critically ill patients meet criteria for SIRS, in the context of infection. SIRS was defined as two or more of the following: 1) heart rate >90/min; 2) temperature >38à °C or 12,000 or 20/min or a PCO2 3.5 L min-1 M-23; 2) hyperglycaemia (plasma glucose >120 mg/dL) in the absence of diabetes; 3) significant oedema or positive fluid balance (20 mL/kg over 20 h); 4) inflammatory variables: plasma C-reactive protein >2 SD above t he normal value or plasma procalcitonin >2 SD above the normal value and 5) mixed venous oxygen saturation (SVO2) >70% . (Dellinger RP et al., 2004). SIRS is generally not considered as a disease and its recognition does not provide any clinical conclusion. However, since it has proven to be a very useful for the identification of sepsis and its sequelae namely severe sepsis and septic shock it is regarded as a very important tool (Shanley TP. et al., 2006). Case Study: A 3-year-old boy was admitted to the intensive care unit because of fever, hypotension, and lethargy. A purpuric rash was noted on his arms and legs. Arterial blood gas analysis demonstrated hypoxemia and metabolic acidosis. The arterial lactate level was 10 mmol/L. He was intubated, resuscitated with crystalloid solution, started on broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, and given dopamine to maintain a MAP above 55 mmHg. His chest radiograph revealed bilateral interstitial-alveolar infiltrates with a left sided predominance. Gram stain of the cerebrospinal fluid showed gram-negative cocci. The dopamine infusion was increased to 18à µg kg-1min-1 for persistent hypotension and oliguria. Pulmonary and radial arterial catheter data yielded the following blood pressure, 85/30 mm Hg; MAP, 48 mm Hg; heart rate, 140 beats per minute; CVP, 10 mm Hg; pulmonary artery pressure, 22/14 mm Hg; PCWP, 12 mm Hg; cardiac index, 2.5L min-1m-2; and SVRI, 1226 dyne-sec-cm-5m-2. The boy was treated with ad ditional saline and an epinephrine infusion, which increased the MAP, cardiac index, and urine output. Arterial lactate levels decreased over the next 12 hours. Subsequent cultures of blood and cerebrospinal fluid grew Neisseria meningitidis. In this case the patient with acute organ failure and hypotension was diagnosed with septic shock. The young boy with meningococcal septic shock had a borderline-low cardiac index. Due to this a decrease in the cardiac index in this patient by the administration of an NOS inhibitor might not be desirable. This is suggestive of the fact that NO or its synthesising means cannot always be targeted in order to battle septic shock. I will attempt to go into further details with regards to this statement as we go along the essay. Nitric Oxide discovery: Joseph Priestly first identified gaseous NO in 1772. NO also named Nitrogen Monoxide is a very simple and tiny molecule consisting of one nitrogen and one oxygen molecule. Unknown of its fundamental physiological roles in the mammals, until the 1980s NO was widely considered as a mere toxic atmospheric pollutant (Konstantin J. Ovodov et al., 2000). In the 1980s researchers were examining how blood vessels expand (dilate) hence regulate the mean arterial blood pressure. Dilation of blood vessels, also termed vasodilation is a very important physiological response which partly regulates the blood pressure. By increasing the diameter of blood vessels, vasodilation causes the blood to travel more freely due to lower resistance (RF Furchgott, 1980). Since the blood vessel lumen widens during vasodilation, the blood imposes less outward pressure on the vessel wall hence reducing the blood pressure. In opposition, vasoconstriction reduces the diameter of the lumen increasing the BP. These physiological responses occur all the time in the human body regulating the BP and therefore are one of the most fundamental mechanisms of the human body. Dr Robert Furchgott and his group, later in 1980s investigated the role of acetylcholine in the smooth muscle relaxation and found that relaxation only occurred if a special class of cells called endothelial cells were present (RF Furchgott, 1980). These cells line the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. Behind the endothelial cells are the smooth muscle cells which either relax or contract thus regulating the vascular tone (RF Furchgott, 1991). The same research group also discovered that smooth muscle were only able to vasodilate the blood vessels in the presence of endothelial cells. This indicated that there was some kind of factor that was being released by the endothelial cells which was involved in the dilation of the blood vessel. This factor was named Endothelium Derived Relaxing Factor (EDRF) and subsequently specified as NO (S Moncada et al., 1997). In 1977, Ferid Murad independantly investigated the mechanism of action of nitroglycerin and found that it worked by inducing the release of NO which in turn was able to cause relaxation of smooth muscle cells (F Murad et al., 1977). Louis Ignarro in 1986 finally resolved the whole perplex of EDRF and NO by declaring that EDRF was in fact NO. It was stated that both molecules showed identical properties when he compared gas Nitric Oxide and EDRF (Ignarro, L. J. Et al. 1987). In 1998, Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine was awarded to Drs. Robert Furchgott, Louis Ignarro, and Ferid Murad for their discoveries that vascular endothelial cells make nitric oxide (NO) and that such endothelium-derived NO stimulates cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) synthesis in the underlying vascular smooth muscle, causing relaxation (Kilbourn, 1999). Since the discovery of NO, vast number of its physiological roles in normal conditions have been reported including in the immune system, nervous system, reproductive system and other cellular functions. It has also been found to play important roles in variety of species ranging from mammals, to insects and plants. Role of Nitric Oxide in Biology Since it was first discovered to play a role in the dilation of blood vessels many new roles for Nitric Oxide (NO) have been discovered. In human body, NO is metabolised by its diffusion into red blood cells where it oxidizes the ferrous iron of oxyhemoglobin yielding methemoglobin and nitrate ions (NO3-) (J.M. Hevel et al., 1994 and Konstantin J. Ovodov and Ronald G. Pearl, 2000). This meachanism limits local NO build up and is particularly important in keeping NO concentration in naomolar range, at least in nonhydrophobic compartments (i.e. outside cell membranes) (Beckman Koppenol, 1996). Nitric oxide has been found to be produced by effectively every cell type in vivo and plays an important role in both controlling the normal function of cells as well as in regulating larger scale processes such as the reproductive, immune and nervous systems. A few of these biological functions for NO are described in more detail below. The Immune System Nitric oxide plays many important roles in the immune system although it is expressed in many cell types following endotoxin or pro-inflammatory cytokine treatment (C. Nathan et al., 1991 and R.G. Knowles et al., 1994). NO, in immune system, is produced in high amounts from specific cells called macrophages. Proceedingly to an infection, chemicals known as cytokines are release in vivo which activate the cells of the immune system such as macrophages, and help guide them to the site of infection (S. Moncada et al., 1991 and C. Nathan et al., 1991). NO produced by the macrophages is toxic to the bacteria and play an important role in their destruction (Fig 1). The production of nitric oxide in this way also helps protect against other types of infection including parasites and viruses (S. Moncada et al., 1991). However, too much nitric oxide production can not only lead to septic shock but has also been implicated in conditions where the immune system is too active autoimmune diseases like arthritis (Jang D and Murrell G A, 1998). The Nervous System Nitric oxide has been shown to be involved in both the peripheral and central nervous system. The three nitric oxide producing isotypes of enzyme (iNOS, eNOS, nNOS) (see section) in humans, one isotype (neuronal NOS (nNOS)) is found almost exclusively in the nervous system (Forstermann et al., 1995). nNOS is thought to be involved in promoting the transfer of interneuronal nerve signals. This is thought to take place by the stimulation of exocytosis (release) of endogenous chemicals called neurotransmitters of one neurone (Moncada et al., 1991; Forstermann and Kleinert, 1995). These NT then diffuse across the synaptic cleft (gap between neuronal terminals) and stimulate the neighbouring nerve cell terminal to transmit the signal (Otto Loewi, 1961). NO has shown to play a substantial role in diseases of the nervous system like Alzheimers and Parkinsons. In both diseases, the inhibition of NO has shown to slow down the progression of the disease in mice (Weill Cornell Team, 2005 and Jo hns Hopkins et al., 2004). Reproductive Biology Nitric oxide is one of the most important molecule in the course of reproduction and is involved in many aspects of it. As well as dilating the blood vessels and thereby helping to regulate maternal blood pressure, NO is also involved in implanting the early embryo in the uterus (Rogers, 1995). During pregnancy, nitric oxide is also suggested promote angiogenesis (a process in which new blood vessels are formed) (RayChaudhury et al., 1996). It is also known to play a role in the survival of trophoblasts (form placenta) (Enders et al., 1978). Furthermore deficiency of NO has been found in patients with preeclampsia (a medical condition in pregnancy) suggesting its partial role in growth of embryo (Yallampalli et al., 1994; Liao et al., 1996). In addition, drugs (Viagra) used to treat erectile dysfunction also affect nitric oxide signalling. Cellular function A notable number of cellular activities can be controlled by nitric oxide including cell division, cell movement and cell survival. The majority of cells in human body have the ability to undergo programmed cellular death. This is a self-destructive mechanism usually called apoptosis which often occurs when a cell is damaged and beyond repair, infected with a virus, or undergoing stressful conditions such as starvation (Kerr et al., 1972). Cells in these conditions go through apoptosis so that they dont hinder the proper functioning of the rest of the tissue. During apoptosis, the structures of the cell break down in an organised manner, forming a packaged cell that is smaller in size so that it can be easily removed by the cells of the immune system (Kerr et al., 1972). Nitric oxide was first shown to inhibit apoptosis hence promoting cell survival in human B lymphocytes (Mannick, J. B. Et al., 1994). Subsequently similar finding were reported in an ample number of other cells. However, high doses of nitric oxide also have deleterious effects. They can be toxic to many cell types and can lead to septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in which case NO causes cell death instead of promoting cell survival (Beal Cerra, 1994). Nitric Oxide and Inflammation (Pathophysiology of septic shock) This section will deal with mechanism by which wall fragments of Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria and other inflammatory agents induce nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cells and tissues. Exogenous toxins which enter the circulation stimulate the synthesis and release of a number of endogenous cytokines. During a gram-negative infection which can lead to septic shock, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and endotoxins present on bacterial wall and many other inflammatory agents bind to a co-receptor (CD14) on the surface of specific immune cells like macrophages, resulting in their activation (J.C. Lee et al., 1996). LPS also bind to LPS-binding proteins which are produced by the liver. These proteins facilitate LPS binding to the CD14 co-receptor of the macrophages. The CD14 co-receptor is activated through the binding of LPS to a toll-like molecule (TLR4), (Re F, Strominger J. Et al., 2001) which is responsible for initiating the transmembrane signaling. TLR2 molecules act in the same way as TLR4, (Leppper PM et al., 2002) though; these are activated by gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and yeast. Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus have further additional wall fragments such as peptidoglycan (PepG) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Both PepG and LTA have been shown to synergise to produce the characteristic features of septic shock, MODS and ultimately death in rodent models (S.J. De Kimpe et al., 1995 and G.M. Millar et al., 1997). These effects were not observed with either LTA or peptidoglycan alone, although high doses of LTA can cause circulatory failure but not MODS (S.J. De Kimpe et al., 1995). Gram-positive bacteria may also release other enterotoxins and exotoxins, for example toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, which are involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis (reviewed in (R.C. Bone et al., 1994)). The additional fragments released by Gram-positive bacteria bind to unknown receptors however, like LPS binding, cause the release of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-a, IL-1ß, and IFN-? (Thiemermann, 1997, Titheradge, 1999). These cytokines as well as IL-6 are often produced in response to immune stimulation of macrophages and monocytes hence also in septic shock patients. IL-1 and TNF each occur in two forms, a and ß. TNF- a and both forms of IL-1 are made by activated monocytes and macrophages, whereas TNF- ß is made by activated T lymphocytes (Review by J. Saklatvala et al., 1996). There are two receptors for both IL-1 and TNF and the two forms of each cytokine interact with the same receptors. IL-1 a and ß interact with the type 1 IL-1 receptor for signal transduction, whereas type II does not appear to transmit any signal and functions as an inhibitor of IL-1 action (J. Saklatvala et al., 1996). The two types of TNF receptor, p55 (type I) and p75 (type II) have different end effects; p75 mediates the proliferative actions of TNF- a while p55 receptor signals the inflammatory response and apoptosis (J. Saklatvala et al., 1996). Complex interactions between these different mediators produce intense pathophysiological modification, which eventually lead to diffuse tissue injury and ultimately sequential system failure (multiple organ dysfunc tion syndrome), which accounts for the majority of deaths among patients with sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock (Beal Cerra, 1994). IL-1ß and TNF-a have a very short half life compared to IL-6 and therefore IL-6 is a very good indicator of cytokinemia. The initial studies of septic shock, showed a very strong positive correlation between IL-6 levels and fatal outcome (Casey L. Et al., 1993). NO is equally a very short lived molecule with an estimated in vivo half life of only 0.1 seconds hence again it is hard to measure its levels in order to detect the severity of cytokinemia hence the severity of sepsis or septic shock. There are several molecules that contribute to the pro and anti-inflammatory responses in septic shock (Table 4); however I shall only focus on a few due to the limited word allowance. In response to inflammatory agents in septic shock, the released cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1ß, and IFN- ?), bind to their specific receptors activating a protein kinase called tyrosine kinase leading to both the activation of the nuclear factor-kB (NF-?B) (a transcription factor) and the phosphorylation of intracellular protein (Gao et al., 2008). A precise mechanism by which these cytokines act was proposed by J. Saklatvala et al. in 1996 however this has yet to be confirmed. Nitric oxide producing cells contain I-?B which is an inhibitor of NF-?B. For the activation of NF-?B, proteolytic cleavage of I-?B from NF-?B is required which forms NF-?B. This biological change allows the activated NF-?B to translocate to the nucleus, where it binds to the promoter region of the iNOS gene inducing transcription. It has also been reported to induce other inflammatory agents, such as cytokines and leukocyte-endothelial adhesion molecules (Janssen-Heininger et al., 2000). Tyrosine kinase present inside the cell acts as a messenger molecule involved in the proteolytic cleavage of I-?B/NF-?B and hence in the activation of NF-?B and iNOS expression (Hecker M, et al., 1996). In septic shock, the translated products of iNOS mRNA subsequently assemble forming the iNOS protein which in turn causes local NO proliferation (Thiemermann, 1997). Fig 2 shows the signal transduction pathway of iNOS expression in response to inflammatory agents. The physiological role of iNOS is to enhance the formation of NO (due to iNOS activity), which in turn may contribute to either the pathophysiology of septic shock (clinbical symptoms) or the host defence (Reviewed in Gao et al., 2008). Fig 3 shows a simplified schematic of the Anti Inflammatory cascade in the context of septic shock. Excess NO produced by iNOS has been reported to both induce and inhibit NF-?B (Kalra et al., 2000; Umansky et al., 1998). In year 2000, it was proposed that low levels of NO may induce further NO production while high concentrations do the opposite exhibiting a feedback mechanisms that would oppose the over expression of genes regulated by NF-?B (Janssen-Heininger et al., 2000). In addition NO at high concentrations competes with O2 at the active site of NOS, thus providing a feedback mechanism of its own synthesis (Griscavage et al., 1995; Rengasamy Johns, 1993). Biological Synthesis of Nitric Oxide (Nitric Oxide Synthases) NOS structure and substrates for NO production: In mammals, NO is exclusively formed from the enzymatic oxidation of one terminal guanidino nitrogen of the amino acid L-arginine. When expressed in moles, this reaction utilizes 1 mol each of arginine and O2, and 1.5 mol of NADPH, yielding 1 mol of NO, 1 mol of L-citrulline and 1.5 mol of NADP (R.G. Knowles et al., 1994). The reaction sequence involves the generation of an Ng-hydroxy-L-arginine intermediate, followed by the oxidation of Ng-hydroxy-L-arginine in presence of molecular oxygen to form L-citrulline and NO (Dennis J. Stuehr et al., 1991 and R.G. Knowles et al., 1994). The enzymes that accelerate the reaction above are a family of relatively large heme proteins known as NO synthase (NOS) which resemble cytochrome P450 structurally (M. M. Chan et al., 2001 and Francois Feihl, 2001) (The general mechanism of NO production from NOS is illustrated in Fig 4). All members of this family share a similar homodimeric structure, where each monomer consists of a an oxygenase domain and a reductase domain, separated by a short amino acids (30aa) sequence for the attachment of the Ca2+-binding protein calmodulin. In addition to calmodulin attachment, enzymatic activity requires the presence of four cofactors: FAD, flavin mononucleotide (FMN), tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), and heme (Francois Feihl, 2001). Fig 5 shows the general structure of the NOS enzymes. Nitric Oxide Synthase isoforms and their locus in the Human Body: There are three known isoforms of NOS, each the product of a different gene: neuronal NOS (nNOS or NOS-1), inducible NOS (iNOS or NOS-2), and endothelial NOS (eNOS or NOS-3). nNOS and eNOS were first described in rat cerebellum and bovine aortic endothelial cells, respectively, but their tissue distribution is far wider than suggested by their names. eNOS and nNOS are involved in regulating vascular tone (R.G. Knowles et al.,1992 and S. Moncada et al., 1991) and neurotransmission respectively, whereas iNOS is involved in the immune defence although it is expressed in many cell types following endotoxin or pro inflammatory cytokine treatment (R.G. Knowles et al., 1994). nNOS is typically expressed in skeletal muscle and myenteric plexuses. eNOS is ubiquitous in vascular endothelium, but may also be found in the kidney tubular epithelial cells, placenta (Forstermann et al., 1995), and neurons (Nathan Xie, 1994). In these tissues, the expression of nNOS and eNOS is constitutive, although it may be regulated (Michel Feron, 1997). For instance, the levels of transcript for eNOS in vascular endothelial cells is increased by shear stress (Topper et al., 1996; Uematsu et al., 1995) and exercise (Wang et al., 1997), reduced by inflammatory stimuli such as TNF-a (Nathan Xie, 1994) and variably affected by hypoxia (Le Cras et al., 1998; Toporsian et al., 2000). In the physiological state, the iNOS isoform is only present at a few locations, notably the respiratory epithelium, the gravid uterus (Nathan Xie, 1994), and perhaps the ileal mucosa (Hoffman et al., 1997). iNOS expression has been demonstrated in numerous cell types including macrophages, neutrop hils, vascular endothelial (Hoffmann et al., 1999), smooth muscle cells, endocardium, myocardium, fibroblast, mesangial cells, renal tubular epithelium (Kunz et al., 1994), neurons, hepatocytes, pancreatic islet cells and astrocytes (Nathan Xie, 1994). iNOS can be induced by a number factors including UV light; cyclic AMP-elevating agents; trauma; ozone and bacterial products described earlier (see section). On the other hand, many endogenous agents may oppose cytokine induction of iNOS. These include anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10, chemokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and growth factors such as tumor growth factor-ß (Forstermann et al., 1995). In all NOS isoforms, calmodulin binding is an absolutely vital for enzymatic activity. In the cases of eNOS and nNOS, this binding necessitates relatively high concentrations of Ca2+ (see Fig 7), in the range of 0.1-1 mM (Forstermann et al., 1995). In contrast, iNOS is able to bind calmodulin virtually independ ant of Ca2+ (Table 2). Therefore, once iNOS is expressed, NO synthesis may only be limited by the availability of substrates and cofactors (J. Stuehr, 1990). As NO produced from iNOS predominantly depends only on iNOS expression, it lasts much longer than NO formed from the other isoforms of NOS. In addition iNOS produces much higher concentrations of Ca2+ compared to the consecutive forms of NOS (Cobb et al., 1996). The production of NO by eNOS and nNOS, compared to iNOS, can be controlled relatively easily by decreasing or increasing intracellular Ca2+, whereas iNOS can only be controlled through transcription (Cobb et al., 1996). In most cell types iNOS protein levels are either very low or undetectable. However, stimulation of these cells by cytokines or growth factors, can lead to increased transcription of the iNOS gene, with subsequent production of NO. On the other hand, for the prevention of iNOS expression through endotoxins, TGF-ß (Szabo, 1995) and anti inflammatory gl ucocorticoids can be administered which lower the magnitude of vascular hyporeactivity. Glucocorticoids such as Dexamethasone inhibit iNOS activity by blocking arginine transport and inhibiting tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis (A.J.B. Brady et al., 1992 and Thiemermann C et al., 1993). Regulation of NO production In the normal as well as in extreme physiological states (e.g. during infection), nitric oxide is considered as one of the most important signalling molecules in vivo. It is however also highly reactive and highly diffusible due to it being a free radical (one unpaired electron) (see fig 8). It is therefore important that there is strict control and regulation of nitric oxide production. The synthesis of NO within cells can be regulated in several ways such as the cellular distribution of NOS, changes in NOS gene expression, enzymatic activation by phosphorylation and the presence of cellular inhibitors NOS activity. Intracellular distribution of NOS Nitric oxide is principally regulated through strict control over the location of NO production. The NOS isoforms can be targeted to different regions of the cell, where NO will be produced in close contact with its target proteins. The image below shows the distribution of iNOS (shown in green in image 1) and eNOS (shown in red) in a trophoblast cell. The nucleus is shown in blue. Co-localisation between iNOS and eNOS will show up as a yellow colour (Phil Dash, University of Reading). The image shows that eNOS and iNOS are fairly variably distributed inside the cell, with hardly any yellow colour suggesting very little overlap in their cellular distribution (Phil Dash, University of Reading).Although both iNOS and eNOS produce NO it is likely that their different cellular distribution will lead to NO interacting with different targets and therefore having different effects (Phil Dash, University of Reading). It is very likely that the distribution of NOS isoforms is an important mechanism for regulating when and where NO is produced. Therefore the current research on NOS mainly focuses on how endogenous signals trigger NOS transport and redistribution (Rahul S. Koti et al., 2005). Activation of NOS activity NOS enzyme synthesis is principally regulated by changes in intracellular calcium levels. The constitutive isoforms of NOS, (eNOS and nNOS) have shown to proliferate following increases in Ca2+, and therefore calmodulin levels, in the cell (Rameau et al., 2003). Additionally both nNOS and Savannah Jameshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06633496927132467940noreply@blogger.com0